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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 3.
Published in final edited form as: J Child Fam Stud. 2023 Jan 19;32(3):796–811. doi: 10.1007/s10826-023-02532-0

Table 3.

Logistic Regression of Low Child Emotional Functioning on Household Social Needs, Maternal Perceived Stress, and Maternal Hair Cortisol (N=432)

Model 1a Model 2b
OR (95% CI) p OR (95% CI) p
Household Social Needs (no=ref)
 Problems paying bills 1.21 (0.74, 1.96) 0.43 --- --- ---
 Medical or pharmacy bills you can’t afford 0.84 (0.45, 1.56) 0.59 --- --- ---
 Getting cut off from or denied income support 1.10 (0.56, 2.17) 0.76 --- --- ---
 Having no health insurance 0.96 (0.55, 1.67) 0.90 --- --- ---
 Unstable housing 0.80 (0.49, 1.30) 0.38 --- --- ---
 Housing problems (e.g., habitability) 1.29 (0.77, 2.16) 0.31 --- --- ---
 Running out of food 1.54 (0.94, 2.51) 0.08 --- --- ---
 Difficulty finding a job 1.08 (0.65, 1.79) 0.75 --- --- ---
 Problems with a current or former job 1.83 (0.76, 4.39) 0.17 --- --- ---
 Disability interfering with work 0.78 (0.35, 1.71) 0.54 --- --- ---
 Difficulty obtaining unemployment 1.95 (0.90, 4.24) 0.09 --- --- ---
 Difficulty affording transportation 1.29 (0.77, 2.17) 0.31 --- --- ---
 Other legal issues 1.21 (0.73, 2.02) 0.45 --- --- ---
 No PCP for household member (n = 367)c 1.48 (0.75, 2.91) 0.25 --- --- ---
 Difficulty finding after-school activities 2.09 (1.24, 3.52) <0.01* --- --- ---
 Difficulty finding childcare (n = 367)c 1.56 (0.85, 2.86) 0.14 --- --- ---
 Bullying 0.70 (0.32, 1.50) 0.36 --- --- ---
 Concerns about household adult mental health 1.04 (0.52, 2.08) 0.90 --- --- ---
Household Level of Social Need
 None=ref --- --- --- --- --- ---
 1–2 needs --- --- --- 0.95 (0.37, 2.39) 0.92
 3–4 needs --- --- --- 0.90 (0.35, 2.28) 0.83
 5 or more needs --- --- --- 1.49 (0.59, 3.72) 0.39
Maternal PSS-4 Score
 Lowest Tertile=ref --- --- --- --- --- ---
 Middle Tertile --- --- --- 1.98 (1.07, 3.64) 0.02*
 Highest Tertile --- --- --- 2.15 (1.14, 4.04) 0.01*
Maternal Hair Cortisol
 Lowest Tertile=ref --- --- --- --- --- ---
 Middle Tertile --- --- --- 0.77 (0.42, 1.38) 0.38
 Highest Tertile --- --- --- 0.96 (0.54, 1.69) 0.90

ref=reference group; All models included maternal PSS, maternal HCC and all covariates (results not all shown);

*

Denotes significant findings at p<0.05

a

Model 1 included individual needs as the social need variable; results reported are for 18 separate models of the outcome on each social need. Maternal PSS predicted emotional dysfunction across all above models (moderate: OR range 1.92–2.73; high: OR range 1.97–3.43; p < 0.05; not all shown). Maternal HCC not significant in any model.

b

Model 2 included level of need as the social need variable.

c

This item added after original study began; analyses for this item includes participants with complete data only.