TABLE 5. Associations between parental monitoring and selected risk behaviors and experiences among high school students, by demographic characteristics — Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2021*.
| Characteristic | Ever had sex† |
Condom use† |
Multiple partners† |
Current prescription opioid misuse† |
Current marijuana use† |
Forced sex† |
Electronic bullying† |
Sad and hopeless† |
Suicide attempts† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | |
|
Sex
| |||||||||
| Female |
1.04 (0.95–1.15) |
0.86 (0.74–1.00)§,¶ |
0.73 (0.60–0.90)§ |
1.72 (1.38–2.16)§ |
1.15 (1.05–1.25)§ |
3.26 (2.83–3.76)§ |
1.52 (1.32–1.76)§ |
1.69 (1.54–1.87)§ |
1.58 (1.27–1.97)§ |
| Male |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
|
Race and ethnicity**
| |||||||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native |
0.92 (0.63–1.34) |
0.76 (0.39–1.51) |
1.75 (0.87–3.50) |
1.03 (0.28–3.79) |
0.96 (0.56–1.64) |
2.34 (1.50–3.65)§ |
1.53 (1.00–2.35)§ |
1.13 (0.89–1.45) |
2.22 (1.43–3.44)§ |
| Asian |
0.41 (0.33–0.50)§ |
1.12 (0.85–1.46) |
0.34 (0.21–0.56)§ |
0.86 (0.55–1.33) |
0.37 (0.24–0.58)§ |
0.53 (0.41–0.69)§ |
0.66 (0.48–0.93)§ |
0.81 (0.73–0.90)§ |
0.76 (0.46–1.24) |
| Black or African American |
1.22 (1.04–1.43)§ |
0.90 (0.80–1.02) |
1.61 (0.99–2.62) |
1.66 (1.07–2.58)§ |
1.29 (1.07–1.54)§ |
0.72 (0.56–0.93)§ |
0.48 (0.33–0.58)§ |
0.97 (0.87–1.07) |
1.42 (1.05–1.91)§ |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander |
0.69 (0.42–1.14) |
0.86 (0.16–4.63) |
8.81 (6.60–11.76)§ |
1.88 (0.65–5.49) |
0.78 (0.17–8.61) |
1.21 (0.49–2.99) |
0.48 (0.10–2.33) |
0.97 (0.71–1.32) |
1.04 (0.39–2.79) |
| White |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
| Hispanic or Latino |
1.06 (0.93–1.21) |
0.89 (0.76–1.05) |
1.15 (0.92–1.43) |
1.64 (1.24–2.18)§ |
1.10 (0.92–1.30) |
1.14 (0.97–1.34) |
0.65 (0.49–0.87)§ |
1.13 (1.06–1.21)§ |
1.21 (0.99–1.47) |
| Multiracial |
1.10 (0.91–1.32) |
0.78 (0.62–0.97)§ |
1.05 (0.63–1.72) |
1.00 (0.64–1.54) |
1.29 (0.93–1.78) |
1.20 (0.86–1.66) |
0.81 (0.57–1.15) |
1.17 (1.07–1.29)§ |
1.22 (0.91–1.62) |
|
Sexual identity
| |||||||||
| Heterosexual |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
| Lesbian, gay, or bisexual |
1.28 (1.17–1.40)§ |
0.76 (0.64–0.90)§ |
1.47 (1.14–1.90)§ |
2.07 (1.69–2.53)§ |
1.67 (1.45–1.93)§ |
2.82 (2.27–3.49)§ |
1.75 (1.46–2.10)§ |
1.70 (1.56–1.85)§ |
3.22 (2.52–4.12)§ |
| Questioning or other |
0.82 (0.72–0.94)§ |
0.87 (0.71–1.06) |
1.18 (0.78–1.81) |
2.17 (1.56–3.02)§ |
1.17 (1.01–1.34)§ |
2.31 (1.79–2.99)§ |
1.71 (1.43–2.05)§ |
1.60 (1.46–1.75)§ |
2.34 (1.94–2.94)§ |
|
Grade
| |||||||||
| 9 and 10 |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
| 11 and 12 |
2.05 (1.88–2.23)§ |
0.83 (0.72–0.96)§ |
2.73 (2.23–3.33)§ |
0.95 (0.74–1.21) |
1.73 (1.54–1.94)§ |
1.20 (1.04–1.38)§ |
0.86 (0.78–0.95)§ |
1.07 (1.02–1.13)§ |
0.74 (0.62–0.89)§ |
|
Parental monitoring
| |||||||||
| High |
0.54 (0.50–0.57)§ |
1.32 (1.15–1.52)§ |
0.31 (0.27–0.35)§ |
0.37 (0.31–0.45)§ |
0.39 (0.34–0.45)§ |
0.40 (0.31–0.51)§ |
0.58 (0.52–0.64)§ |
0.70 (0.66–0.74)§ |
0.39 (0.32–0.47)§ |
| Low | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Abbreviations: aPR = adjusted prevalence ratio; Ref = referent group.
* N = 17,232 respondents. Because the state and local questionnaires differ by jurisdiction, students in these schools were not asked all national YRBS questions. Therefore, the total number (N) of students answering each question varied. Percentages in each category are calculated on the known data.
† Refer to Table 1 for variable definitions.
§ Estimates were considered statistically significant if the 95% CIs did not include 1.0.
¶ The unrounded value of the upper CI is 0.99; p = 0.047.
** Persons of Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) origin might be of any race but are categorized as Hispanic; all racial groups are non-Hispanic.