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. 2023 Apr 15. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00124-8

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Association between sleep disturbance and anxiety

The associations between changes in sleep parameters were investigated with symptoms of anxiety (GAD-7 scale). (A) Relative risk with mild anxiety. (B) Relative risk with moderate anxiety. (C) Relative risk with severe anxiety. Sleep quality (ie, poor vs good quality, assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) is shown in black. Sleep quality deterioration (ie, those whose sleep deteriorated vs those whose sleep was unaffected by COVID-19, assessed by the numerical rating scale) is shown in light blue. Sleep regularity (ie, top vs bottom quintiles) is shown in green. Both unadjusted (circles) or multivariable (squares) multinomial logistic regression relative risks are shown alongside 95% CIs. In multivariable multinomial logistic regression models, the association was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, comorbidities, COVID-19 severity, length of stay, number of days into the pandemic, and number of days since hospital discharge. The x-axis is on a log2 scale.