Table.
Cohort demographics segregated by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
| Good sleep quality (n=242) | Poor sleep quality (n=396) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score (n=638) | 3·4 (1·4) | 10·1 (3·4) | ||
| Age, years (n=629) | 59·6 (13·9) | 57·7 (12·4) | ||
| Sex (n=583) | ||||
| Male | 70% (154/221) | 54% (196/362) | ||
| Female | 30% (67/221) | 46% (166/362) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 (n=565) | 30·6 (6·7) | 32·5 (6·6) | ||
| Ethnicity (n=619) | ||||
| White | 68% (159/234) | 73% (280/385) | ||
| South Asian | 20% (46/234) | 15% (59/385) | ||
| Black | 6% (15/234) | 6% (24/385) | ||
| Mixed race | 3% (7/234) | 2% (9/385) | ||
| Other | 3% (7/234) | 3% (13/385) | ||
| Townsend IMD quintile (n=629) | ||||
| 1 (most deprived) | 18% (44/239) | 21% (83/390) | ||
| 2 | 19% (45/239) | 19% (73/390) | ||
| 3 | 15% (37/239) | 18% (71/390) | ||
| 4 | 22% (52/239) | 22% (84/390) | ||
| 5 (least deprived) | 26% (61/239) | 20% (79/390) | ||
| Smoking status (n=631) | ||||
| Never | 61% (146/239) | 58% (227/392) | ||
| Former smoker | 38% (91/239) | 41% (160/392) | ||
| Current smoker | 1% (2/239) | 1% (5/392) | ||
| Average units of alcohol per week (n=605) | 5·8 (7·5) | 4·3 (7·4) | ||
| Days admission was into pandemic (n=638) | 170 (119) | 176 (118) | ||
| Days since discharge (n=638) | 161 (38) | 162 (41) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension (n=576) | 33% (73/221) | 40% (142/355) | ||
| Diabetes (n=571) | 19% (42/220) | 23% (81/351) | ||
| Liver disease (n=571) | 3% (7/220) | 2% (8/351) | ||
| Asthma (n=574) | 14% (31/220) | 16% (57/354) | ||
| COPD (n=573) | 4% (9/220) | 4% (15/353) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease (n=572) | 3% (6/221) | 4% (15/351) | ||
| High cholesterol (n=572) | 24% (54/221) | 22% (78/351) | ||
| Depression or anxiety (n=572) | 5% (12/221) | 15% (51/351) | ||
| COVID-19 severity (n=626) | ||||
| WHO clinical progression | ||||
| WHO class 3–4 | 19% (46/239) | 22% (84/387) | ||
| WHO class 5 | 46% (110/239) | 42% (163/387) | ||
| WHO class 6 | 17% (41/239) | 16% (63/387) | ||
| WHO class 7–9 | 18% (42/239) | 20% (77/387) | ||
| Length of stay, days (n=635) | 13·5 (16·5) | 14·2 (21·0) | ||
| ITU admission (n=631) | 32% (77/241) | 32% (125/390) | ||
| Pre-COVID-19 symptoms (n=638) | ||||
| Subjective sleep quality (10=best) | 9·1 (1·8) | 7·5 (2·7) | ||
| Subjective dyspnoea (0=best) | 0·8 (1·8) | 1·3 (2·1) | ||
| Post-COVID-19 symptoms (n=638) | ||||
| Subjective sleep quality (10=best) | 8·1 (2·5) | 5·2 (2·8) | ||
| Subjective dyspnoea (0=best) | 3·3 (2·8) | 4·5 (2·7) | ||
| PHQ9 level (n=622) | ||||
| None | 80% (189/236) | 36% (140/386) | ||
| Mild | 15% (35/236) | 25% (98/386) | ||
| Moderate | 4% (9/236) | 20% (79/386) | ||
| Moderately severe | <1% (1/236) | 10% (37/386) | ||
| Severe | 1% (2/236) | 8% (32/386) | ||
| GAD7 level (n=620) | ||||
| Minimal | 79% (187/236) | 49% (190/384) | ||
| Mild | 17% (40/236) | 24% (93/384) | ||
| Moderate | 3% (7/236) | 16% (60/384) | ||
| Severe | 1% (2/236) | 11% (41/384) | ||
| Subjective sleep period duration, h (n=603) | 7·4 (1·7) | 6·1 (2·0) | ||
Continuous values are presented as means (SDs) and were compared with a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Categorical data are presented as percentages (n/N) and were compared with a Pearson χ2 test. A total score greater than 5 on the Pittburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire was defined as poor sleep quality and a score of 5 or less was defined as good sleep quality. IMD=Index of Multiple Deprivation. COPD=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ITU=intensive therapy unit. PHQ9=Patient Health Questionnaire. GAD7=Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale.