TABLE 1.

Summary of perioperative stages of ERAS protocols from different institutions, highlighting drug use and early ambulation

Protocol	Preoperative medications	Intraoperative medications	Postoperative medications
Rush University Medical Center [3]	1,000 mg IV acetaminophen 600 mg dose of gabapentin OR 150 mg dose of pregabalin 10 mg cyclobenzaprine 10 mg oxycodone	Standard propofol induction and maintenance with inhaled anaesthesia Ketamine use at induction Dexamethasone Fentanyl Methadone Lidocaine Acetaminophen	NSAID Gabapentin and pregabalin Tramadol (as needed)
Weill Cornell [4, 5]	Acetaminophen Gabapentin Antiemetic prophylaxis	Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) Ketorolac Lidocaine Dual antiemetic prophylactic therapy	Acetaminophen Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Two 50 mg tramadol doses or 5 mg oxycodone based on NRS pain score
University of Western Ontario [9]	Pregabalin Gabapentin 0.2 mg kg-1 methadone	Selective COX-2 inhibitors Ketamine administration Either bolus (0.2-1 mg kg-1) or infusion (1–4 µg kg-1 min-1) Tramadol Analgesics mixture	N/A
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania [2, 12]	600 mg gabapentin	NSAIDs Opioids Anti-convulsants Other analgesia	975 mg, q 6 h of acetaminophen Diazepam PO Cyclobenzaprine PO Ketorolac PO Inpatient physical therapy, wound care, and gum chewing (1 piece for 3 minutes daily)
The University of Texas [10]	1000 mg acetaminophen 300 mg tramadol 3.75-150 mg pregabalin OR 100-300 mg gabapentin	TIVA Lidocaine Ketamine IV dexmedetomidine infusion IV dexamethasone 10 mg q 6 h Lidocaine or other local anaesthetics TXA use (1 g bolus over 30 min followed by 0.5 g h-1 infusion)	Early ambulation, early oral intake (POD 1), DVT prophylaxis, and physical therapy

NSAID – nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, TIVA – total intravenous anaesthesia, IV – intravenous, TXA – tranexamic acid, DVT – deep vein thrombosis