Table 6.

Effect of different abiotic stresses on crop plants

Crop plants and stress	Effects	Reduction percent	References
Low temperatures  Wheat  Barley  Canola  Chickpea  Field pea	Decrease grains yield and quality	–
High temperatures  Wheat	losses in grain weight and injury during grain developmental stages	Tiller number (70%), grain yield (67.3%), 1000-grain weight (47%), and vigour Index II (52.7%)	(Joshi et al. 2016)
High temperatures  Cotton	Biosynthesis of phenolics, proline, secondary metabolites, and grain growth was inhabited	–	(Kamal et al. 2017)
Salinity  Maize	Decreased in germination rate, root length, and shoot length	32%, 80%, and 78% in germination rate, root length, and shoot length, respectively,	Khodarahmpour et al. (2011)
Drought  Isatis indigoticaFort	Decreased chlorophyll content	31%	(Hao et al. 2013)
Drought  Legumes grain	Destroys many stages of development, especially the generation and function of reproductive organs	27 to 87%	(Farooq et al. 2017)
Drought  Ornamental shrubs	Reduction in plant physiological, metabolic, enzymatic, and grain yield processes	50%	(Toscano et al. 2016)
Glyphosate herbicide  Dimorphandra wilsonii	Simulated ROS that leads to a reduction in the germination of seeds by dropping the rates of seed respiration	–	(Gomes et al. 2017)
Roundup herbicide  Maize	Setback the seed germination process	–	(Gomes et al. 2019)