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. 2023 Apr 26;617(7959):118–124. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06023-6

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 10 — a, A schematic representation to illustrate how a combination of ‘Green Revolution’ Rht-B1b and ZnF-B regulates wheat plant architecture, nitrogen use efficiency, and grain yield traits. Rht-B1b allele strongly reduces plant height, spike length, grain size, and nitrogen assimilation. However, the loss of ZnF-B also reduces plant height as the ‘Green Revolution’ genes, but shows only marginal or undetectable reduction in spike length and grain size. b–d, A proposed model to illustrate what different ZnF alleles do to regulate BR signalling. b, The plasma membrane (PM) associated BKI1 interacts with the BR receptor BRI1 to repress its activity in the absence of BR; c, The PM-associated BKI1 proteins are disassociated from the PM to cytosol, or degraded by ZnF directly on the PM upon the perception of BR signal to ensure the activation of BRI1 and BR signalling; d, In a znf mutant, the PM-associated BKI1 is partially eliminated, leading to partial attenuation of BR signal that retarded plant growth. Red ‘ × ’ refers to the blockage of BKI1 degradation. In summary, we discovered that a natural r-e-z haploblock deletion that caused the loss of Rht-B1, EamA-B, and ZnF-B confers reduced plant height, and increased grain weight and yield. Genetic analysis shows that the deletion of both Rht-B1 and ZnF-B is essential for the improvement of these traits in wheat. ZnF acts as an activator of BR signal, a different mechanism from the DELLA proteins encoded by well-known Rht-B1 that act as GA signalling repressors. The ZnF-B–Rht-B1 combination is functionally independent but genetically linked genetic unit to balance BR–GA crosstalk in wheat. Based on our findings, we propose a new semidwarf breeding strategy to use the deletion of both Rht-B1 and ZnF-B to design new semidwarf wheat varieties with more compact wheat plant architecture, largely improved culm quality, enhanced NUE, and increased grain yields than the traditional green revolution wheat varieties.