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. 2023 Apr 26;617(7959):118–124. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06023-6

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 2 — a, Comparison of the grain sizes (length and width) between the near isogenic lines NIL-Shi and NIL-Heng. Scale bars = 1 cm. b, Comparison of spikelet number per spike, sterile spikelet number, grain yield per spike, grain roundness, flag leaf thickness, flag leaf length, flag leaf width and flag leaf aspect ratio between the NILs. c, Stem sections from different internodes of the two NILs. I, II, III, IV and V represent the 1^st to 5^th internodes from top to bottom, respectively. Quantitative analyses of stem thickness and stem diameter were separately performed using different internodes collected from independent wheat plants (For P values, see Source Data). Scale bars = 1 cm. d, Comparison of the length of parenchymatic cells from longitudinal sections of the fully elongated uppermost internodes between NIL-Shi and NIL-Heng at the anthesis stage (n = numbers of parenchymatic cells). Scale bars, 100 μm. e, Phloroglucinol staining of the culms from the 1^st internodes of NIL-Shi and NIL-Heng plants at heading stage showing the culm thickness. The experiment was repeated independently three times with similar results. Scale bars, 100 μm. f, Comparison of the bending strength of the 4^th internodes at heading stage between NIL-Shi and NIL-Heng plants. g, Phenotypes of NIL-Shi and NIL-Heng seedlings grown under the low nitrogen (LN, 0.5 mM KNO₃) condition. Scale bar, 10 cm. Red triangles point to yellow leaves. h, Comparison of dry weight between NIL-Shi and NIL-Heng seedlings grown under low nitrogen (LN) and normal nitrogen (NN) conditions, respectively. i, ¹⁵N uptake analysis of NIL-Shi and NIL-Heng seedlings (n = 3 biologically independent samples). j, Improved lodging resistance of NIL-Heng compared to that of NIL-Shi planted in standard field plots. In a,b,c,f,h,n = numbers of biologically independent samples. In b,h, the horizontal bars of boxes represent minima, 25th percentiles, medians, 75th percentiles and maxima. Data in a,c,f,d are mean ± s.d. P values were calculated by a two-tailed Student’s t-test (** P < 0.01; * P < 0.05; ns, no significant difference).

Source data