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. 2023 Apr 13;33(5):372–388. doi: 10.1038/s41422-023-00790-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a CARINH RNA expression in human gut specimens from control individuals (left, n = 10), UC patients (middle, n = 10), and CD patients (right, n = 10), assessed by RNA FISH. Representative pictures are shown. Scale bar, 50 μm. b Quantification of the FISH results from a, shown as the CARINH RNA-positive cell count per mm². n = 10 per group. c CARINH and IRF1 mRNA levels are detected by qPCR in terminal ileum biopsy specimens. Control, n = 11; CD, n = 19. d CARINH and IRF1 mRNA levels are detected by qPCR in PBMCs of IBD patients. The correlation was analyzed between CARINH RNA and IRF1 mRNA levels. e FISH and immunofluorescence staining, showing the co-localization of CARINH RNA (red) with CD11b (green). Yellow indicates co-localization. DAPI (blue) stains cell nuclei. Scale bars, 20 μm. f Immunofluorescence staining showing the co-localization of IRF1 (green) with CD11b (red). Yellow indicates co-localization. DAPI (blue) stains cell nuclei. Scale bars, 20 μm. g FISH and immunofluorescent staining showing the co-localization of CARINH RNA (red) with IRF1 (green). Yellow indicates co-localization. DAPI (blue) stains the nuclear of cell. The bottom panel of images are magnified views of the areas indicated by white line boxes above. Up panel scale bar, 50 μm. Bottom panel scale bar, 20 μm. h, i qPCR analyses of human CARINH, IRF1 and IL18BP mRNA expression in THP-1 cells transduced with human CARINH-specific siRNAs or scramble control (h), and with human CARINH-expressing vector or empty vector (i). n = 3 per group. j, k qPCR analyses of human IRF1, CARINH and IL18BP mRNA expression in THP-1 cells transduced with human IRF1-specific siRNAs or scramble control (j), and with human IRF1-expressing vector or empty vector (k). n = 3 per group. The data in h–k are representative of at least three independent experiments. Data represent means ± SEM. Data in b and h were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-tests were used for other statistical analyses. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.