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. 2023 May 3;14:2533. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38148-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Hazards of a time to insulin model in the three discovery cohorts plus two replication sets in two of three discovery cohorts and their respective meta-analyses (Model 1). The figure shows the five nominally significant metabolites, with Hcit and AADA being also significant after multiple testing. Data are presented as hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. N = 1,267 individuals for DCS, n = 897 individuals for GoDARTS discovery, n = 699 individuals for GoDARTS validation, n = 811 individuals for ANDIS discovery, n = 1969 individuals for ANDIS validation. b Hazards of incident diabetes in MDC based on a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. Data are presented as hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. N = 3423 individuals c Odds ratios of incident and prevalent diabetes in DESIR based on a logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex and BMI. Data are presented as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. N = 1087 individuals for DESIR.