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. 2023 Mar 7;33(5):1494–1505. doi: 10.1007/s11695-023-06490-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Flow chart showing patient selection from the NIS database. ICD-9-CM: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision—Clinical Modification. *Criteria for selection of patients with “Bariatric surgery” (ICD-9-CM): Bariatric surgery v45.86, 44.68, 43.82, 44.39. †Criteria for selection of “Abdominal surgery” patients (ICD-9-CM): Appendectomy 47.0, incidental appendectomy 47.1, laparoscopic appendectomy 47.01, laparoscopic incidental appendectomy 47.1, cholecystectomy 51.22, laparoscopic cholecystectomy 51.23