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The four distinct evolution patterns of central spatial structure observed in each MSA.
| Evolution patterns | MSAs |
|---|---|
| Expand–shrink | Atlanta, Baltimore, Cincinnati, Dallas, Houston, Las Vegas, Miami, Phoenix, San Antonio, San Diego, Seattle, Tampa, Washington D.C. |
| Expand–expand | Boston, Charlotte, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, Pittsburgh, Riverside |
| Shrink–expand | Chicago, Detroit, New York, Orlando, Portland, Sacramento, St Louis |
| Shrink–shrink | Austin, Denver, Philadelphia, San Francisco |
