Table 1.
Patient characteristics, details of VNS implantation and stimulation parameters in published NORSE cases.
| References | Age (year) | Diagnosis/etiology | Duration of NORSE before VNS | Day of VNS activation after implantation | Day of clinical change after implantation | VNS settings at clinical change | Seizure outcome | Last intervention before seizure reduction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bonardi et al. (6) | 14 | FIRES, cryptogenic | 43 days | 0 | 29 | OC = 2.25 mA; DC = 16% | Cessation of status | CBD |
| Luo et al. (19) | 1 year 5 months | FIRES, cryptogenic | 14 days | 15 | 42 | OC = 3mA, PW = 750 μs, ON = 14s, OFF = 1.8 min | Cessation of status | PRP and TPM |
| Espino et al. (20) | 37 | FIRES, cryptogenic | 30 days | 0 | 7 | OC = 1.75 mA, F = 20 Hz, PW = 250 μs, ON = 30 s, OFF = 30 min | Abortion of SE but lifelong epilepsy | Rtiuximab |
| Espino et al. (20) | 33 | NORSE, NMDAR encephalitis | 9 years | – | – | – | Initial improvement but then no change in seizure frequency | – |
| Kurukumbi et al. (21) | 25 | cNORSE | 8 days | – | 3 | – | Seizure free day 3, recurrence of seizures day 6 | Magnet swiping 2mA, 60s on |
| Yamazoe et al. (22) | 24 | FIRES, anti-GluR encephalitis | 14 months | 4 | 10 | OC = 0.5mA, PW = 500 μs, ON = 21s, OFF = 3 min, DC = 12% | Seizure free at 2 months, recurrence after 3 months, seizure free at 1 year | None |
| Alsaadi et al. (23) | 46 | FIRES NMDAR encephalitis | 110 days | 0 | 7 | OC = 2.5 mA, ON = 30 s, OFF = 5 min | None | |
| Hoang et al. (16) | 40 | cNORSE | Unknown | – | – | PRP | ||
| Howell et al. (24) | 14 | cNORSE | 14 days | – | – | OC = 1.75mA | – | – |
| Howell et al. (24) | 9.2 | cNORSE | – | – | – | – | Seizure reduction by 30%−40% | – |
| Howell et al. (24) | 8.3 | cNORSE | – | – | – | – | Seizure reduction by 30%−40% | – |
| Lin and Ko (17) | 19 | NORSE, NMDAR encephalitis | Weeks | – | – | – | – | – |
| Lin and Ko (17) | 49 | cNORSE | Months | – | – | – | – | – |
| Shatzmiller et al. (18) | 19 | NORSE, NMDAR encephalitis | – | – | – | – | – | Cyclophosphamide |
| Skaff and Labiner (25) | 27 | NORSE, Human Parvovirus B19 infection | >52 days | – | – | – | Cessation of status | – |
CBD, cannabidiol; DC, duty cycle; —, not documented; NORSE, new-onset refractory status epilepticus; FIRES, febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome; OC, output current; PRP, perampanel; PW, pulse width; TPM, topiramate; VNS, vagal nerve stimulation.