Table 1.
Characteristics of survey respondents with and without long COVID condition (LCC).
| Variable | Respondents with COVID-19 N = 2466* | No LCC symptoms N = 1,211 | LCC symptoms N = 1,178 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (n, % female) | 1,626 (65.9%) | 782 (64.7%) | 803 (68.2%) | 0.07 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 39.5 (53.3) | 35.6 (14.4) | 37.9 (14.9) | <0.001 |
| Age group (n, %) | ||||
| <19 | 200 (8.1%) | 106 (8.8%) | 83 (7.1%) | <0.001 |
| 20–29 | 736 (29.8%) | 401(33.2%) | 315 (26.8%) | |
| 30–39 | 556 (22.5%) | 274 (22.6%) | 267 (22.7%) | |
| 40–49 | 478 (19.4%) | 210 (17.3%) | 257 (21.9%) | |
| 50–59 | 295 (12.0%) | 133 (11.0%) | 154 (13.1%) | |
| 60–69 | 130 (5.3%) | 64 (5.3%) | 60 (5.1%) | |
| 70+ | 71 (2.9%) | 21 (1.7%) | 38 (3.2%) | |
| COVID test (n, % yes) | 2098 (85.0%) | 999 (83.0%) | 984 (84.2%) | 0.43 |
| COVID vaccines at the time of infection | ||||
| 0 | 926 (37.6%) | 388 (32.1%) | 470 (40.1%) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 239 (9.7%) | 114 (9.4%) | 108 (9.2%) | |
| 2 | 622 (25.2%) | 312 (25.8%) | 255 (21.7%) | |
| >=3 | 799 (32.4%) | 393 (32.6%) | 340 (29.0%) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| No | 1741 (70.6%) | 901 (75.3%) | 792 (68.0%) | <0.001 |
| Former | 452 (18.3%) | 181 (15.1%) | 256 (22.0%) | |
| Yes | 237 (9.6%) | 114 (9.5%) | 116 (10.0%) | |
| Main health conditions at the time of COVID-19 | ||||
| None | 1799 (73.0%) | 957 (79.1%) | 791 (67.1%) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory disorders | 134 (5.4%) | 39 (3.2%) | 87 (7.4%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disorders | 172 (7.0%) | 75 (6.2%) | 90 (7.6%) | 0.16 |
| Diabetes | 77 (3.1%) | 29 (2.4%) | 47 (4.0%) | 0.03 |
| Obesity | 111 (4.5%) | 47 (3.9%) | 62 (5.3%) | 0.11 |
| Other metabolic disorders | 93 (3.8%) | 32 (2.6%) | 59 (49.3%) | 0.01 |
| Rheumatic/autoimmune disorders | 27 (1.1%) | 14 (1.2%) | 12 (1.0%) | 0.74 |
| Mental health disorders | 5 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (0.3%) | 0.30 |
| Other | 42 (1.7%) | 15 (1.2%) | 23 (2.0%) | |
| Used oxygen during COVID-19, yes (%) | 272 (11.0%) | 72 (5.9%) | 176 (14.9%) | <0.001 |
| Education (n, %) | ||||
| High school or less | 562 (22.8%) | 272 (22.5%) | 267 (22.7%) | 0.24 |
| Apprenticeship | 329 (13.3%) | 177 (14.6%) | 142 (12.1%) | |
| College/some university | 71 (2.9%) | 41 (3.4%) | 29 (2.5%) | |
| University degree | 1,041 (42.2%) | 501 (41.4%) | 509 (43.2%) | |
| Post-graduate degree | 418 (17.0%) | 196 (16.2%) | 212 (18.0%) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 45 (1.8%) | 24 (2.0%) | 19 (1.6%) | |
| Annual family income (n, %) | ||||
| <$3,000 | 683 (27.7%) | 329 (27.2%) | 328 (27.8%) | 0.62 |
| $3,000–5,000 | 314 (12.7%) | 147 (12.1%) | 165 (14.0%) | |
| $5,001–10,000 | 252 (10.2%) | 124 (10.2%) | 122 (10.4%) | |
| ≥$10,001 | 329 (13.3%) | 169 (14.0%) | 152 (12.9%) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 888 (36.0%) | 442 (36.5%) | 411 (34.9%) | |
*
Includes people who had COVID <3 months ago and responded “prefer not to answer” to the question about COVID symptoms ≥3 months (n = 77). Survey questions were not mandatory, and some participants did not provide a response to all questions. Other metabolic disorders = kidney, liver, thyroid problems, hyperlipidemias/hypercholesterolemia. Other = neurologic conditions, vertigo, cancer, gastric problems, etc.