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. 2023 Apr 20;10:1168628. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1168628

Table 2.

Factors associated with reported long COVID condition.

Variables Univariable Multivariable
LCC yes LCC yes
OR (CI) p OR (CI) p
Sex (Ref M)
Females 1.17 (0.9–1.4) 0.07 1.28 (1.1–1.5) 0.01
Age groups (Ref ≤ 19 years)
20–29 1.00 (0.7–1.4) 0.98 1.05 (0.7–1.5) 0.77
30–39 1.24 (0.8–1.7) 0.19 1.26 (0.8–1.8) 0.21
40–49 1.56 (1.1–2.2) 0.01 1.47 (1.0–2.1) 0.04
50–59 1.48 (1.0–2.1) 0.04 1.44 (1.0–2.1) 0.08
60–69 1.19 (0.7–1.9) 0.43 1.03 (0.6–1.7) 0.91
≥70 2.31 (1.3–4.2) <0.01 1.21 (0.6–2.4) 1.03
COVID-19 vaccine (Ref none)
1 0.78 (0.6–1.1) 0.10 0.82 (0.6–1.1) 0.24
2 0.68 (0.5–0.8) <0.001 0.75 (0.6–0.9) 0.01
≥3 0.71 (0.6–0.8) <0.001 0.81 (0.6–1.0) 0.05
Number of COVID-19 symptoms during infection 1.14 (1.1–1.2) <0.001 1.13 (1.1–1.2) <0.001
Smoking (Ref No)
Former 1.16 (0.8–1.5) 0.29 1.30 (0.9–1.7) 0.09
Yes 1.61 (1.3–1.9) <0.001 1.52 (1.2–1.9) 0.01
Main health conditions at the time of COVID-19 (Ref No)
None 0.41 (0.1–2.3) 0.31 0.69 (0.1–4.1) 0.67
Respiratory disorders 1.12 (0.2–6.3) 0.90 1.68 (0.3–10.6)
Cardiovascular disorders 0.60 (0.1–3.4) 0.56 0.82 (0.1–5.1) 0.58
Diabetes 0.81 (0.1–4.7) 0.82 0.97 (0.1–6.2) 0.84
Obesity 0.66 (0.1–3.7) 0.64 0.96 (0.1–6.0) 0.97
Other metabolic disorders 0.92 (0.1–5.3) 0.93 1.18 (0.2–7.5) 0.97
Rheumatic/autoimmune disorders 0.43 (0.1–2.7) 0.37 0.58 (0.1–4.2) 0.86
Mental health disorders 1.50 (0.1–25.3) 0.78 1.11 (0.1–20.2) 0.94
Other 0.76 (0.1–4.7) 0.77 1.30 (0.2–8.9) 0.79
Used oxygen during COVID-19 (Ref No)
Yes 2.78 (2.0–3.7) <0.001 0.98 (0.6–1.4) 0.94
Visited the primary care provider during COVID-19 (Ref No)
Yes 1.71 (1.5–2.0) <0.001 1.27 (1.0–1.5) 0.02
Visited the emergency department during COVID-19 (Ref No)
Yes 2.09 (1.7–2.5) <0.001 1.28 (1.0–1.6) 0.04
Hospitalized during COVID-19 (Ref No)
Yes 3.15 (2.3–4.3) <0.001 1.76 (1.1–2.7) 0.01