Table 3.
Characteristics of participants with long COVID condition and impact on their activities (n = 1,178).
| Variable | Decreased time spent at work, school, and other activities | Needed help with ADL | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | p | Yes | No | p | |
| N = 338 | N = 815 | N = 91 | N = 1,075 | |||
| Gender (n, % female) | 216 (63.9%) | 571 (70.1%) | 0.04 | 55 (60.4%) | 742 (69.1%) | 0.09 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 41.0 (16.8) | 36.8 (13.7) | <0.001 | 44.1 (19.8) | 37.4 (14.2) | <0.001 |
| Age group (n, %) | ||||||
| <19 | 25 (7.4%) | 56 (6.9%) | <0.001 | 6 (6.7%) | 76 (7.1%) | <0.001 |
| 20–29 | 78 (23.1%) | 227 (28.0%) | 19 (21.1%) | 292 (27.2%) | ||
| 30–39 | 55 (16.3%) | 207 (25.5%) | 17 (18.9%) | 248 (23.1%) | ||
| 40–49 | 81 (24.0%) | 173 (21.3%) | 17 (18.9%) | 237 (22.1%) | ||
| 50–59 | 53 (15.7%) | 98 (12.1%) | 9 (10.0%) | 144 (13.4%) | ||
| 60–69 | 27 (8.0%) | 32 (3.9%) | 11 (12.2%) | 49 (4.6%) | ||
| 70+ | 18 (5.3%) | 19 (2.3%) | 11 (12.2%) | 26 (2.4%) | ||
| COVID vaccines at the time of infection | ||||||
| 0 | 160 (47.6%) | 303 (37.3%) | <0.01 | 34 (37.8%) | 433 (40.4%) | 0.87 |
| 1 | 33 (9.8%) | 71 (8.7%) | 10 (11.1%) | 93 (8.7%) | ||
| 2 | 66 (19.6%) | 183 (22.5%) | 20 (22.2%) | 232 (21.7%) | ||
| >=3 | 77 (22.9%) | 256 (31.5%) | 26 (28.9%) | 313 (29.2%) | ||
| Number of COVID-19 symptoms during infection | 13.4 (4.1) | 10.3 (4.7) | <0.001 | 12.8 (5.1) | 11.0(4.7) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| No | 220 (65.9%) | 557 (69.1%) | 0.56 | 58 (64.4%) | 726 (68.3%) | 0.69 |
| Former | 78 (23.4%) | 171 (21.2%) | 21 (23.3%) | 233 (21.9%) | ||
| Yes | 36 (10.8%) | 78 (9.7%) | 11 (12.2%) | 104 (9.8%) | ||
| Main health conditions at the time of COVID-19 | ||||||
| None | 189 (55.9%) | 586 (71.9%) | <0.001 | 40 (44.0%) | 742 (69.0%) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory disorders | 36 (10.7%) | 49 (6.0%) | 0.01 | 18 (19.8%) | 69 (6.4%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disorders | 33 (9.8%) | 55 (6.7%) | 0.08 | 10 (11.0%) | 78 (7.3%) | 0.19 |
| Diabetes | 22 (6.5%) | 23 (2.8%) | <0.01 | 8 (8.8%) | 38 (3.5%) | 0.02 |
| Obesity | 22 (6.5%) | 39 (4.8%) | 0.23 | 5 (5.5%) | 57 (5.3%) | 0.93 |
| Other metabolic disorders | 20 (5.9%) | 38 (4.7%) | 0.38 | 6 (6.6%) | 53 (4.9) | 0.48 |
| Rheumatic/autoimmune disorders | 7 (2.1%) | 5 (0.6%) | 0.03 | 1 (1.1%) | 11 (1.0%) | 0.94 |
| Mental health disorders | 2 (0.6%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0.16 | 0 | 3 (0.3%) | 0.61 |
| Other | 7 (2.1%) | 15 (1.8%) | 0.79 | 2 (2.2%) | 21 (2.0%) | 0.87 |
| Used oxygen during COVID-19, yes (%) | 101 (29.9%) | 72 (8.8%) | <0.001 | 41 (45.1%) | 133 (12.4%) | <0.001 |
| Healthcare use during COVID-19 | ||||||
| Primary Care | 165 (48.8%) | 163 (20.0%) | <0.001 | 42 (46.2%) | 288 (26.8%) | <0.001 |
| Emergency department | 85 (25.1%) | 39 (4.8%) | <0.001 | 31 (34.1%) | 95 (8.8%) | <0.001 |
| Hospital | 36 (10.7%) | 12 (1.5%) | <0.001 | 18 (19.8%) | 31 (2.9%) | <0.001 |
| Specialist | 200 (59.2%) | 198 (24.3%) | <0.001 | 56 (61.5%) | 344 (32.0%) | <0.001 |
| Physical therapist | 86 (26.1%) | 66 (8.2%) | <0.001 | 31 (36.9%) | 121 (11.4%) | <0.001 |
| Occupational therapist | 24 (7.3%) | 12 (1.5%) | <0.001 | 8 (9.5%) | 28 (2.6%) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory therapist | 86 (26.1%) | 84 (10.4%) | <0.001 | 29 (34.5%) | 142 (13.4%) | <0.001 |
| Speech pathologist | 8 (2.4%) | 5 (0.6%) | 0.01 | 5 (6.0%) | 8 (0.8%) | <0.001 |
| Physiologist | 84 (25.5%) | 78 (9.7%) | <0.001 | 15 (17.9%) | 146 (13.7%) | 0.29 |
Survey questions were not mandatory, and some participants did not provide a response to all questions. Other metabolic disorders = kidney, liver, thyroid problems, hyperlipidemias/hypercholesterolemia. Other = neurologic conditions, vertigo, cancer, gastric problems, etc.