Table 1. The bioactive compounds of P. crocatum.
| Extract type | Chemical compounds | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Used ether 40-60°C, chloroforms, ethanol, and water solvent ( Suri et al. 2021) | Used ethanol solvent ( Fatmawaty, Anggreni, Fadhil, & Prasasty 2019) | Used methanol Solvent ( Januarti, Wijayanti, Wahyuningsih, & Nisa 2019) | Used methanol solvent ( Safithri & Fahma 2008) | Used methanol extract ( Li, Yang, Kim, & Li 2019) | |
| Red Betel leaf extract | Alkaloid | Alkaloid | Saponin | Alkaloid | Pipercroside A |
| Carbohydrate | Glycosides | Tannin | Flavonoid | Pipercroside B | |
| Water | Saponin | Phenol | Tannin | 2,5-Dimethoxy-3-glucopyranosylcinnamic alcohol | |
| Tannin | Tannin | Flavonoid | Cimidahurinin | ||
| Phenol | Triterpenoid/Steroid | Erigeside II | |||
| Flavonoid | Flavonoid | Syringin | |||
| Essential oil | Essential oil | β-Phenylethyl β- D-glucoside | |||
| Methyl salicylate 2- O-β- D-Glucopyranoside | |||||
| Icariside D1 | |||||
| 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid β- D-glucosyl ester | |||||
| Benzyl β- D-Glucoside | |||||
| Phenylmethyl 6- O-α- L-Arabinofuranosyl-β- D-glucopyranoside | |||||
| Red Betel leaf essential oil (water distillation, sodium sulfate dryer) | Carvacrol (7) | ||||
| Eugenol ( 1) 28.44% | |||||
| Chavicol ( 8) | |||||
| Allylcatechol ( 9) | |||||
| Cinema | |||||
| Estragole ( 10) | |||||
| Caryophyllene ( 11) | |||||
| Pcymenedaneugenol Metil eter-19 | |||||
| Safrole ( 12) 27.48% | |||||
| Selinene ( 13) 7.32% | |||||
| Methyl eugenol ( 14) 1.46% | |||||
| Germacrene D ( 15) 0.91% | |||||
| Eugenyl Acetate ( 16) 1.72% | |||||
| Isosafrole ( 17) 1.62% | |||||