Table 3.
Biomaterial-boosted CAR-T therapy in solid tumors.
| Nanomaterials | Cargo molecules | Model | Stage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nanobackpack for CAR-T therapy | |||
| Liposomal | IL -15 and IL-21 superagonist | Melanomas | Preclinical (55) |
| Protein nanogels | IL-2Fc, ALT-803, IL-15Sa superagonist | Melanoma | Preclinical (56) |
| HSA-based nanoparticles | IL-12 superagonist | Lymphatic tumor | Preclinical (57) |
| Liposome | A2a adenosine receptor antagonist | SKOV3.CD19 tumors | Preclinical (58) |
| Magnetic nanocluster | PD-1 antibody | Lymphoma and breast tumor | Preclinical (59) |
| Polylactide copolymers | Doxorubicin hydrochloride | Glioblastoma | Preclinical (60) |
| Implantable biomaterials for CAR-T therapy | |||
| Macroporous scaffold | IL-15 superagonist | Breast and ovarian cancer | Preclinical (61) |
| Polysaccharide scaffolds | IL-15/IL15Rα cytokine | Pancreatic and melanoma | Preclinical (62) |
| Hyaluronic acid hydrogel | IL -15 superagonist and anti-PD-L1 | Melanoma | Preclinical (63) |
| Fibrin-coated nitinol films | Antibodies against CD3, CD28 and CD137 | Ovarian cancer | Preclinical (64) |
| Polymer-Nanoparticle hydrogels | IL-15 superagonist | Human medulloblastoma | Preclinical (65) |
| Alginate Scaffold | IL-12 superagonist | Lymphatic tumor | Preclinical (66) |
| Porous microneedle patch | No | Pancreatic and melanoma | Preclinical (67) |
| Biomaterials improve tumor microenvironment | |||
| Nanomaterials | Combination therapy | Model | Stage |
| Liposomes | Immunopotentiator, TGF-β inhibitors | Melanomas | Preclinical (68) |
| Polylactic acid-glycolic acid | Photothermal, indocyanine green | Melanomas | Preclinical (69) |
| INPs nanoparticles | Photothermal, indocyanine green | Raji tumors | Preclinical (70) |
| FA-Gd-GERTs@Ibrutinib | Photothermal | Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | Preclinical (71) |
| Gold nanorods | Photothermal | K562 or Raji tumors | Preclinical (72) |
| Mesoporous silica | Photothermal, IR780 | Liver cancer | Preclinical (73) |
| HA@Cu2−xS-PEG | Catalysis and photothermal | Non-small cell lung cancer | Preclinical (74) |
| Biomaterial tracking CAR-T cells in vivo | |||
| Nanomaterials | Imaging method | Model | Stage |
| Silica nanoparticles | PET/NIRF | Ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis | Preclinical (75) |
| GNP-64Cu/PEG2000 | PET | Jurkat cells | Preclinical (76) |
| USPIOs | MRI | Glioblastoma | Preclinical (77) |