a, Challenges associated with sp3–sp3 XEC. b, Proposed photoenzymatic asymmetric XEC. c, Two stereocomplimentary ‘ene’-reductases catalyze the model reaction at pH 9.0. Enantiomeric ratio (er) refers to as the ratio of (S)- to (R)-enantiomer. ERED, ‘ene’-reductase; GDH, glucose dehydrogenase; NADP+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.