TABLE 2.

Multivariable within-pair analysis of the relationship between longitudinal PTSD status and DC during neutral stimulus, psychological stress stimulus, and its change/reactivity

	Late-Onset PTSD vs No PTSD		Long-standing PTSD vs No PTSD
Model	Mean	95% CI	Mean	95% CI	p for trend
Within-pair difference in DC during neutral stimuli
Model 1a	−0.18	−0.59 to 0.22	−0.13	−0.69 to 0.43	.37
Model 2b	−0.13	−0.53 to 0.28	−0.07	−0.65 to 0.52	.59
Model 3c	0.18	−0.23 to 0.59	0.45	−0.17 to 1.07	.12
Within-pair difference in DC during psychosocial stress stimuli
Model 1a	−0.69	−0.99 to -0.38	−0.38	−0.83 to -0.08	<.001
Model 2b	−0.62	−0.91 to -0.34	−0.35	−0.80 to 0.09	<.001
Model 3c	−0.58	−0.87 to -0.28	−0.29	−0.78 to 0.20	<.01
Within-pair difference in DC reactivity
Model 1a	−0.29	−0.68 to 0.09	−0.12	−0.57 to 0.32	.11
Model 2b	−0.3	−0.69 to 0.09	−0.13	−0.58 to 0.33	.10
Model 3c	−0.58	−0.96 to -0.19	−0.38	−0.83 to 0.07	<.001

Notes: Outcome: DC (N = 106 twin pairs, 24 late-onset PTSD discordant pairs, 10 long-standing PTSD discordant pairs).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence intervals; DC, deceleration capacity.

^aBase model was unadjusted for within-pair difference.

^bModel 2 = Model 1 + sociodemographic and traditional risk factors, including BMI, education, employment status, smoking, history of hypertension, diabetes, and beta blockers.

^cModel 3 = Model 2 + alcohol abuse, depression, alcohol abuse, anti-depression medication.