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. 2023 Apr 17;13(7):2301–2318. doi: 10.7150/thno.82700

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Functions of the PMN in tumor metastasis. The formation of PMN promotes tumor metastasis in several phases.①Initiation phase (remote control of primary tumors): Primary tumors produce soluble factors that induce the formation of a non-mature tumor pre-metastatic microenvironment; ②Recruiting phase: BMDCs and a variety of immunomodulatory cells are constantly recruited to specific sites, where they interact with stromal cells here to change the local microenvironment, forming a mature PMN; ③Licensing phase (preparation of the microenvironment): allow CTCs to reach and colonize; ④Metastatic phase: massive CTCs colonize and grow, and gradually form visible metastasis. The figure was created using Biorender (https://biorender.com/).