Table 1:
General characteristics of the included studies.
| Study name [ref], year, continental area | Study type | (i) Inclusion criteria; (ii) exclusion criteria |
Total cohort (N) | Male [n (%)] | Age (years) | Follow-up length (weeks) | ICPi distribution [n (%)] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortazar et al. [20] 2020, North America |
Retrospective cohort | (i) Patients with ICPi-AKI if the AKI was attributed directly to the ICPi and patients had at least a doubling of serum creatinine or the requirement for RRT; (ii) NA |
414 | 254 (61) | 66 (mean) | 29 (median) | Anti-CTLA-4, n = 92 (22.2%); anti-PD-1, 377 (91%); anti-PD-L1, 23 (5.5%); combination, 74 (17.8%) |
| García-Carro et al. [24] 2022, Europe |
Retrospective cohort | (i) All patients >18 years of age; (ii) end-stage kidney disease and with previous kidney transplant |
759 | 449 (59) | 64 (mean) | 25 (median) | Anti-CTLA-4. 9 (1.2%);
anti-PD-1. 422 (55.6%); anti-PD-L1. 207 (27.3%); combination. 8 (1%); others. 33 (4.3%) |
| Gupta et al. [19] 2021,
North America/Europe/Asia |
Retrospective cohort | (i) Patients with ICPi-AKI if the AKI was attributed directly to the ICPi and patients had at least a doubling of serum creatinine or the requirement for RRT;
(ii) end-stage kidney disease and with previous kidney transplant |
858 | 517 (60.2) | ICPi-AKI = 68 (median);
n on-ICPi-AKI = 65 (median) |
30 (median) | Anti-CTLA-4, 198 (23%);
anti-PD-1, 702 (81.8%); anti-PD-L1, 72 (8.4%); combination, 174 (20%) |
| Koks et al. [23] 2021,
Europe |
Retrospective cohort | (i) >18 years of age and taken nivolumab, ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, or tremelimumab;
(ii) patients on renal replacement therapy, without serum creatinine measurement in the 12 months prior to first ICPi administration, or without any serum creatinine measurement after first ICPi administration |
676 | 420 (62) | 64 (median) | 36 (median) | Nivolumab, 202 (29.9%);
ipilimumab, 45 (6.7%); pembrolizumab, 236 (34.9%); Nivo + Ipi, 132 (19.5%); others, 61 (9%) |
| Meraz-Muñoz et al. [21] 2020,
North America |
Retrospective cohort | (i) >18 years of age received at least one dose of ipilimumab, nivolumab or pembrolizumab;
(ii) end-stage kidney disease on dialysis or with previous kidney transplant |
309 | 186 (60) | 61 (median) | 37 (median) | Ipilimumab, 219 (70.9%);
nivolumab, 54 (17.5%); pembrolizumab, 36 (11.7%); Nivo + Ipi, 23 (7.4%) |
| Seethapathy et al. [22] 2020,
North America |
Retrospective cohort | (i) Patients received PD-L1 inhibitors;
(ii) patients do not have a baseline or a follow-up creatinine within 12-month follow-up and on hemodialysis |
599 | 298 (50) | 65 (mean) | NA | Atezolizumab, 347 (58%);
durvalumab, 153 (26%); avelumab, 99 (16%) |
| Shimamura et al. [18] 2021,
Asia |
Retrospective cohort | (i) Patients who initiated ICPi for malignancies;
(ii) patients with contrast-induced nephropathy |
152 | 114 (75) | 67 (mean) | NA | Nivolumab, 79 (52%);
pembrolizumab, 55 (35%); atezolizumab, 10 (7%); durvalumab, 8 (5%); ipilimumab, 2 (1%); Nivo + Ipi: 2 (1%) |
NA, not applicable; ICPi-AKI, immune checkpoint inhibitor–induced acute kidney injury; Nivo + Ipi, nivolumab + ipilimumab.