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. 2023 May 4;23:97. doi: 10.1186/s12902-023-01354-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — (A) glucose-lowering effect of A₁ and A₂ AR antagonist on non-fasting plasma glucose measured before diabetes induction and throughout the weeks of intervention. (B) AUC data for 0–4th week blood glucose are shown. Baseline subtraction for normal control was used to calculate AUC values for all groups, to ensure full treatment benefits are recognised. Values represent mean ± SD for 6 rats. ^a−e Different alphabets near the lines for a given time (3 A) or bar (3B) for a given time or group respectively represent significance of difference (p < 0.05). * significance of difference P < 0.05 compared to Diabetic control group. NC, Normal Control; DBC, Diabetic Control; DBI, Diabetic + 2-BI; DCA, Diabetic + caffeine; DIS, Diabetic + istradefylline; DPX, Diabetic + DPXPC; DBM, Diabetic Metformin; DGT, Diabetic + pioglitazone