Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of eligible participants according to NAD+ levels in the study.
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 1394) |
NAD+ levels | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |||
| < 29.4 (n = 348) |
29.4 - 32.8 (n = 353) |
32.8 - 36.4 (n = 346) |
≥ 36.4 (n = 347) |
|||
| Age, mean ± SD, y | 43.2 ± 11.3 | 43.8 ± 11.0 | 44.1 ± 12.0 | 42.6 ± 11.3 | 42.4 ± 10.9 | 0.12 |
| Male, No (%) | 735 (52.7) | 107 (30.8) | 168 (47.6) | 211 (61.0) | 249 (71.8) | < 0.001 |
| Exercise frequency, No (%) | 0.50 | |||||
| Inactive | 361 (27.1) | 98 (29.3) | 78 (23.2) | 93 (28.1) | 92 (27.7) | |
| Moderately active | 245 (18.4) | 62 (18.6) | 60 (17.8) | 57 (17.2) | 66 (19.9) | |
| Very active | 728 (54.6) | 174 (52.1) | 199 (59.1) | 181 (54.7) | 174 (52.4) | |
| Education level, No (%) | 0.007 | |||||
| Middle school or below | 381 (27.3) | 114 (32.8) | 105 (29.8) | 85 (24.6) | 77 (22.2) | |
| College or above | 1013 (72.7) | 234 (67.2) | 248 (70.3) | 261 (75.4) | 270 (77.8) | |
| Current smoking, No (%) | 324 (23.2) | 42 (12.1) | 72 (20.4) | 85 (24.6) | 125 (36.0) | < 0.001 |
| Current drinking, No (%) | 254 (18.2) | 37 (10.6) | 58 (16.4) | 72 (20.8) | 87 (25.1) | < 0.001 |
| Metabolic disease, No (%) | 1036 (74.3) | 220 (63.2) | 251 (71.1) | 260 (75.1) | 305 (87.9) | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | < 0.001 | |||||
| < 18.5 | 38 (2.7) | 12 (3.5) | 13 (3.7) | 8 (2.3) | 5 (1.4) | |
| 18.5-23.9 | 592 (42.5) | 185 (53.2) | 167 (47.3) | 134 (38.7) | 106 (30.6) | |
| 24.0-27.9 | 552 (39.6) | 124 (35.6) | 123 (34.8) | 142 (41.0) | 163 (47.0) | |
| ≥ 28.0 | 212 (15.2) | 27 (7.8) | 50 (14.2) | 62 (17.9) | 73 (21.0) | |
| SBP, mean ± SD, mmHg | 125.1 ± 17.1 | 122.8 ± 17.4 | 123.7 ± 17.9 | 126.2 ± 16.8 | 127.8 ± 15.8 | < 0.001 |
| DBP, mean ± SD, mmHg | 80.3 ± 12.9 | 77.6 ± 13.1 | 78.7 ± 12.5 | 81.4 ± 12.2 | 83.6 ± 13.1 | < 0.001 |
| FBG, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 5.7 ± 1.5 | 5.7 ± 1.4 | 0.04 |
| TG, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 |
| TC, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 0.070 |
| UA, mean ± SD, μmol/L | 346.5 ± 93.1 | 317.8 ± 88.3 | 333.9 ± 82.9 | 353.9 ± 95.7 | 380.8 ± 93.4 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| RBC, mean ± SD, 1012/L | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 4.9 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| Meat diet, No (%) | 0.41 | |||||
| Never&Occasionally | 968 (82.5) | 232 (83.5) | 235 (81.6) | 236 (80.0) | 265 (84.9) | |
| Very often | 205 (17.5) | 46 (16.6) | 53 (18.4) | 59 (20.0) | 47 (15.1) | |
| Vegetable diet, No (%) | 0.69 | |||||
| Never&Occasionally | 76 (6.5) | 22 (7.9) | 16 (5.6) | 19 (6.4) | 19 (6.1) | |
| Very often | 1096 (93.5) | 255 (92.1) | 272 (94.4) | 276 (93.6) | 293 (93.9) | |
BMI denotes Body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; RBC, red blood cells; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; UA, uric acid.