Table 1.

Epigenetic modification alterations in the cardiovascular system and related tissues

Modification	General function	Models	References
H3K9me2	Gene repression at promoters	Rat ascending aortic constriction	[107]
H3K4me2	Context-specific	Human dilated cardiomyopathy	[43]
		Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice	[55]
H3K9me3	Gene repression at promoters	Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) inflammation	[90]
		Conditional JMJD2A knockout and overexpression and TAC in mice	[63]
H3K9me2/3	Gene repression at promoters	Human failing myocardium	[134]
H3K9me3 and DNA methylation	Gene repression at promoters	Hypertrophy produced by TAC in mice and human LV hypertrophy	[46]
H3K27me3	Gene repression at promoters	Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) inflammation	[43]
		Human ischemic cardiomyopathy, peri-infarct zone MI mouse hearts	[79]
H3K79me2/3	Gene silencing	Conditional DOT1L knockout in mice and human ischemic cardiomyopathy	[135]
H3S10phos	Transcriptional activation, linked to early response gene activation	CaMKIIδ knockout and TAC in mice	[40]
H3S28phos	Transcriptional activation, linked to early response gene activation	MSK1/2 knockout and isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy	[5]
DNA methylation	Gene repression at promoters. Activation in gene bodies	Human heart failure/cardiomyopathy	[33, 34, 42, 60, 69, 85, 86, 93, 95]
		Human Chagas disease cardiomyopathy	[64]
		TAC in mice	[14, 87]
		Isoproterenol-induced heart failure in mice	[16]
		Anthracycline-induced cardiac damage	[125]
		Arterial calcification in female mice	[71]
		VSMC calcification in human and rat	[70]
		Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in mice	[75]
		Homeostasis and contractility in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes	[77]
		Cardiomyocyte development, maturation and TAC in mice	[38]
DNA hydroxymethylation	Context-specific, gene activation	VSMC injury and human atherosclerosis	[74]