1. NMA results for OS (combined risk groups).

Results of network meta‐analysis for outcome overall survival (combined risk groups). Treatments are ordered by P‐Score (descending). Only subnetworks with >1 designs. Upper triangle: direct estimate. Lower triangle: network estimate. Subnet 1 No. of studies: 19. No. of pairwise comparisons: 19. No. of treatments: 19. No. of designs: 18 Heterogeneity/Inconsistency: Q=1.81, df=1, P = 0.18; I² = 44.6%, Tau² = 0.0284 Treatment Effects + 95%‐CIs (Hazard Ratios, random effects model):

LEN+PEM

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.66 [0.42, 1.03]

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.96 [0.54, 1.70]

NIV+IPI

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.69 [0.48, 1.00]

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.90 [0.50, 1.62]

0.95 [0.56, 1.60]

PEM+AXI

.

.

.

.

.

0.73 [0.50, 1.07]

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.79 [0.35, 1.75]

0.82 [0.38, 1.76]

0.87 [0.40, 1.88]

CAB

.

.

.

.

0.84 [0.43, 1.64]

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.72 [0.41, 1.28]

0.75 [0.45, 1.26]

0.80 [0.47, 1.35]

0.92 [0.43, 1.97]

PAZ

1.01 [0.63, 1.62]

.

.

0.92 [0.64, 1.32]

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.73 [0.35, 1.53]

0.76 [0.38, 1.53]

0.81 [0.40, 1.64]

0.93 [0.38, 2.28]

1.01 [0.63, 1.62]

PLA

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.72 [0.33, 1.54]

0.75 [0.36, 1.55]

0.79 [0.38, 1.65]

0.91 [0.37, 2.28]

0.99 [0.48, 2.05]

0.98 [0.41, 2.34]

NIN

.

0.92 [0.49, 1.72]

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.67 [0.19, 2.41]

0.70 [0.20, 2.46]

0.74 [0.21, 2.61]

0.86 [0.22, 3.38]

0.93 [0.27, 3.26]

0.92 [0.24, 3.52]

0.94 [0.24, 3.62]

TEM

0.98 [0.30, 3.24]

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.66 [0.42, 1.03]

0.69 [0.48, 1.00]

0.73 [0.50, 1.07]

0.84 [0.43, 1.64]

0.91 [0.64, 1.32]

0.91 [0.50, 1.65]

0.92 [0.49, 1.72]

0.98 [0.30, 3.24]

SUN

0.99 [0.72, 1.36]

.

.

.

0.94 [0.52, 1.70]

0.89 [0.36, 2.21]

.

0.87 [0.57, 1.33]

0.82 [0.56, 1.21]

.

0.65 [0.38, 1.13]

0.68 [0.42, 1.11]

0.72 [0.44, 1.19]

0.83 [0.40, 1.75]

0.91 [0.56, 1.47]

0.90 [0.46, 1.77]

0.91 [0.45, 1.84]

0.97 [0.28, 3.35]

0.99 [0.72, 1.36]

ATE+BEV

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.64 [0.28, 1.44]

0.67 [0.30, 1.45]

0.70 [0.32, 1.55]

0.81 [0.31, 2.12]

0.88 [0.40, 1.92]

0.87 [0.35, 2.17]

0.89 [0.35, 2.25]

0.95 [0.24, 3.76]

0.96 [0.48, 1.92]

0.97 [0.46, 2.07]

EVE+BEV

0.99 [0.64, 1.53]

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.63 [0.32, 1.26]

0.66 [0.35, 1.26]

0.70 [0.36, 1.34]

0.80 [0.34, 1.89]

0.87 [0.46, 1.66]

0.86 [0.39, 1.93]

0.88 [0.39, 2.00]

0.94 [0.25, 3.47]

0.95 [0.56, 1.63]

0.96 [0.52, 1.79]

0.99 [0.64, 1.53]

IFN+BEV

1.00 [0.69, 1.46]

.

.

0.91 [0.62, 1.33]

.

0.86 [0.60, 1.24]

.

0.63 [0.29, 1.39]

0.66 [0.31, 1.39]

0.70 [0.33, 1.49]

0.80 [0.31, 2.04]

0.87 [0.41, 1.84]

0.86 [0.36, 2.10]

0.88 [0.36, 2.17]

0.94 [0.24, 3.66]

0.95 [0.50, 1.83]

0.96 [0.47, 1.99]

0.99 [0.56, 1.76]

1.00 [0.69, 1.46]

TEM+BEV

.

.

.

.

.

.

0.62 [0.30, 1.30]

0.65 [0.32, 1.30]

0.69 [0.34, 1.39]

0.79 [0.32, 1.94]

0.86 [0.43, 1.73]

0.85 [0.37, 1.98]

0.87 [0.37, 2.05]

0.92 [0.24, 3.51]

0.94 [0.52, 1.70]

0.95 [0.49, 1.86]

0.98 [0.39, 2.42]

0.99 [0.45, 2.19]

0.99 [0.41, 2.38]

ATE

.

.

.

.

.

0.59 [0.22, 1.61]

0.62 [0.23, 1.64]

0.65 [0.24, 1.74]

0.75 [0.24, 2.31]

0.82 [0.31, 2.17]

0.81 [0.27, 2.39]

0.82 [0.27, 2.47]

0.87 [0.20, 3.92]

0.89 [0.36, 2.21]

0.90 [0.34, 2.35]

0.93 [0.30, 2.89]

0.94 [0.33, 2.67]

0.94 [0.31, 2.86]

0.95 [0.32, 2.79]

EVE

.

.

.

.

0.57 [0.26, 1.26]

0.60 [0.28, 1.27]

0.63 [0.30, 1.35]

0.73 [0.29, 1.86]

0.79 [0.38, 1.68]

0.79 [0.32, 1.91]

0.80 [0.32, 1.97]

0.85 [0.22, 3.33]

0.87 [0.45, 1.67]

0.88 [0.42, 1.81]

0.90 [0.51, 1.61]

0.91 [0.62, 1.33]

0.91 [0.53, 1.55]

0.92 [0.38, 2.22]

0.97 [0.32, 2.97]

IFN+PLA

.

.

.

0.57 [0.31, 1.06]

0.60 [0.34, 1.05]

0.63 [0.36, 1.12]

0.73 [0.33, 1.62]

0.80 [0.46, 1.39]

0.79 [0.38, 1.64]

0.80 [0.38, 1.70]

0.85 [0.24, 3.03]

0.87 [0.57, 1.33]

0.88 [0.52, 1.49]

0.90 [0.40, 2.03]

0.91 [0.46, 1.80]

0.91 [0.42, 1.99]

0.92 [0.45, 1.91]

0.97 [0.36, 2.65]

1.00 [0.46, 2.18]

LEN+EVE

.

.

0.54 [0.30, 0.97]

0.57 [0.33, 0.96]

0.60 [0.35, 1.03]

0.69 [0.32, 1.49]

0.75 [0.44, 1.28]

0.74 [0.37, 1.51]

0.76 [0.36, 1.57]

0.80 [0.23, 2.83]

0.82 [0.56, 1.21]

0.83 [0.50, 1.36]

0.85 [0.48, 1.51]

0.86 [0.60, 1.24]

0.86 [0.51, 1.46]

0.87 [0.43, 1.76]

0.92 [0.34, 2.46]

0.95 [0.56, 1.60]

0.94 [0.53, 1.67]

IFN

0.93 [0.63, 1.37]

0.50 [0.25, 1.01]

0.52 [0.27, 1.01]

0.55 [0.28, 1.08]

0.64 [0.27, 1.52]

0.70 [0.36, 1.34]

0.69 [0.31, 1.55]

0.70 [0.30, 1.61]

0.74 [0.20, 2.78]

0.76 [0.44, 1.31]

0.77 [0.41, 1.44]

0.79 [0.39, 1.57]

0.80 [0.47, 1.36]

0.80 [0.41, 1.53]

0.81 [0.36, 1.80]

0.85 [0.30, 2.45]

0.88 [0.45, 1.69]

0.87 [0.44, 1.75]

0.93 [0.63, 1.37]

NAP+IFN

Subnet 2 No. of studies: 3. No. of pairwise comparisons: 3. No. of treatments: 4. No. of designs: 3 Heterogeneity/Inconsistency: Q=0, df=0, p=n.a.; I²=n.a., Tau²=n.a. Treatment Effects + 95%‐CIs (Hazard Ratios, random effects model):

ILN+SOR

.

0.91 [0.59, 1.41]

.

0.91 [0.54, 1.56]

AXI

1.00 [0.73, 1.36]

.

0.91 [0.59, 1.41]

0.99 [0.73, 1.36]

SOR

0.51 [0.22, 1.19]

0.47 [0.18, 1.21]

0.51 [0.21, 1.26]

0.51 [0.22, 1.19]

SOR+IFN