Table 1.
Characteristics of ED patients with hip fracture screened for malnutrition.
| Characteristics | All (n = 300) |
Risk of malnutrition (n = 76) | No risk of malnutrition (n = 224) | Standardized mean difference between groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male) n (%) |
96 (32.0) | 22 (28.9) | 74 (33.0) | 0.097 |
| Age (years) mean (SD) |
76.6 (11.0) | 79.2 (10.5) | 75.7 (11.1) | 0.306 |
| Age categories n (%) | ||||
| 50–69 years | 84 (28.0) | 13 (17.1) | 71 (31.7) | 0.376 |
| 70–76 years | 37 (12.3) | 10 (13.2) | 27 (12.1) | |
| 77–82 years | 83 (27.7) | 20 (26.3) | 63 (28.1) | |
| 83–99 years | 96 (32.0) | 33 (43.4) | 63 (28.1) | |
| MTS Triage levela n (%) |
0.312 | |||
| High acuity (MTS level 1–3) | 212 (86.9) | 62 (92.5) | 150 (84.7) | |
| Low acuity (MTS level 4 and 5) | 32 (13.1) | 5 (7.5) | 27 (15.3) | |
| Type of fracture n (%) |
0.364 | |||
| Femoral neck fractures (ICD-10 S72.0) |
137 (45.7) | 26 (34.2) | 111 (49.6) | |
| Pertrochanteric fractures (ICD-10 S72.1) |
138 (46.0) | 44 (57.9) | 94 (42.0) | |
| Subtrochanteric fractures (ICD-10 S72.2) | 20 (6.7) | 4 (5.3) | 16 (7.1) | |
| Periprosthetic hip fractures | 5 (1.7) | 2 (2.6) | 3 (1.3) | |
| BMI (kg/m2)b mean (SD) |
24.1 ± 13.9 | 22.5 ± 4.6 | 25.1 ± 5.5 | 0.468 |
| Dimensions of Malnutrition (SNAQ) | ||||
| Involuntary weight loss n (%) > 6 kg within six months |
54 (18.0) | 54 (71.1) | – | |
| > 3 kg in the last month | 20 (6.7) | 20 (26.3) | ||
| Loss of appetite n (%) |
75 (25) | 44 (57.9) | 31 (13.8) | 1.034 |
| Intake of ONS in last three month (yes) n (%) |
19 (6.3) | 14 (18.4) | 5 (2.2) | 0.552 |
| Vital signs at ED admission median (IQR) | ||||
| GCS (points)c | 15 (15;15) | 15 (15;15) | 15 (15;15) | 0.165 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)d | 150 (131; 161) | 142 (120;157) | 150 (134;163) | 0.461 |
| Heart rate (Bpm)e | 81 (70; 90) | 81 (65;89) | 82 (71;90) | 0.099 |
| Respiratory rate (Breaths/min)f | 15 (14; 17) | 16 (14;17) | 15 (14;17) | 0.020 |
| Numerical pain scale (points)g | 5 (4; 6) | 5 (4;7) | 5 (4;6) | 0.217 |
| Polypharmacy (yes) n (%) |
161 (53.7) | 45 (59.2) | 116 (51.8) | 0.161 |
| Long-term care dependency at admission (yes)h n (%) |
113 (38.7) | 38 (52.1) | 75 (34.2) | 0.366 |
| Admitted to ICU (yes) n (%) |
104 (34.8) | 33 (43.4) | 71 (31.8) | 0.229 |
| Complications (yes) n (%) |
167 (57.4) | 51 (69.9) | 116 (53.2) | 0.342 |
| LOS (length of stay in days)i mean (SD) |
11.7 (10.0) | 13.2 (13.2) | 11.0 (8.3) | 0.198 |
| Burden of comorbidity (CCI) n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 87 (29.0) | 15 (19.7) | 72 (32.1) | 0.306 |
| 1–2 | 118 (39.3) | 32 (42.1) | 86 (38.4) | |
| 3–4 | 64 (21.3) | 19 (25.0) | 45 (20.1) | |
| >5 | 31 (10.3) | 10 (13.2) | 21 (9.4) | |
| Cognitive impairmentjn (%) | ||||
| No cognitive impairment | 189 (63.9) | 34 (45.9) | 155 (69.8) | 0.483 |
| Moderate and severe cognitive impairment | 107 (36.1) | 40 (54.1) | 67 (30.2) | |
| Depression (PHQ-4 category)k n (%) | ||||
| Depression (≥ 6 points) | 32 (13.3) | 12 (23.1) | 20 (10.6) | 0.327 |
| No depression (< 6 points) | 208 (86.7) | 40 (76.9) | 168 (89.4) | |
| Physical activity level l n (%) | ||||
| ≥ 1x / week | 155 (62.0) | 20 (37.0) | 135 (68.9) | 0.706 |
| 1x / week | 21 (8.4) | 5 (9.3) | 16 (8.2) | |
| 1x - 3x / month | 10 (4.0) | 4 (7.4) | 6 (3.1) | |
| Never | 64 (25.6) | 25 (46.3) | 39 (19.9) | |
| Number of falls in six months prior to hip fracturemn (%) | ||||
| 1 | 42 (46.2) | 11 (39.3) | 31 (49.2) | 0.294 |
| 2–3 | 31 (34.1) | 10 (35.7) | 21 (33.3) | |
| ≥ 3 | 18 (19.8) | 7 (25.0) | 11 (17.5) | |
| Mortality n (%) | ||||
| Initial hospital stay | 5 (1.7) | 1 (1.3) | 4 (1.8) | 0.040 |
| Six-month follow up | 33 (11.2) | 18 (24.0) | 15 (6.8) | 0.431 |
BMI, Body Mass Index; ONS: oral nutritional supplements. ED, Emergency Department. GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale. MTS, Manchester Triage System. ICU, Intensive care unit. CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index. Sample size of the cohort regarding each parameter: an = 243; bn = 269; cn = 257; dn = 245; en = 229; fn = 179; gn = 166; hn = 292; in = 291; jn = 294; kn = 240; ln = 250; mn = 286. k,l: all proxy cases are missing by design, because these questions could only be answered by the participants themselves.