Table 2. Association of UPF items/ subgroups and all-cause mortality.
| Men | Women | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest quartile | Highest quartile | Highest quartile | |
| Ultra-processed food items | HR (95% CI)1 | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) |
| Instant noodles | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 1.05 (0.92–1.21) |
| Breads | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | 1.05 (0.9–1.23) |
| Bread spreads | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) |
| Breakfast cereals & snacks | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) | 1.13 (0.47–2.75) |
| Candies and chocolate | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) |
| Pizza and hamburger | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 0.93 (0.80–1.10) |
| Red meat and fish | 1.00 | 1.26 (1.11–1.43) | 1.22 (1.05–1.43) |
| Milk | 1.00 | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) | 1.08 (0.93–1.25) |
| Yoghurt | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) |
| Ice cream | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 0.81 (0.69–0.94) |
| Coffee creamer | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) |
| Soymilk drink | 1.00 | 1.12 (1.00–1.25) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) |
| Soft drinks & fruit sodas | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.99–1.10) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) |
| Sweet rice punch (Sikhye) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) |
1 Adjusted for age, total energy intake, education level, monthly income, marital status, smoking, drinking, regular physical exercise, BMI, comorbidity score, menopausal status, and use of oral contraceptives. Bread spreads included jam, margarine, and butter. The details are shown in supplementary material.