Table 3. Association of total UPF intake and all-cause mortality stratified by participant characteristics.
| Quartiles of UPF intake (% of food weight) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for trend | P for interaction* | ||||||
| Characteristic | Strata | Deaths | HR (95% CI)1 | Deaths | HR (95% CI) | Deaths | HR (95% CI) | Deaths | HR (95% CI) | ||
| Age group | 40–49 | 91 | 1.00 | 116 | 0.89 (0.68–1.18) | 130 | 0.93 (0.72–1.22) | 142 | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 0.890 | |
| 50–59 | 309 | 1.00 | 281 | 1.01 (0.88–1.23) | 267 | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | 245 | 0.98 (0.83–1.17) | 0.890 | 0.930 | |
| 60–69 | 696 | 1.00 | 437 | 0.95 (0.85–1.10) | 365 | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | 375 | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | 0.800 | ||
| Education | Elementary | 358 | 1.00 | 203 | 0.98 (0.82–1.16) | 142 | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 140 | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 0.990 | |
| Middle school | 211 | 1.00 | 164 | 1.05 (0.86–1.30) | 139 | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 124 | 1.05 (0.84–1.32) | 0.660 | ||
| High school | 358 | 1.00 | 296 | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 307 | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | 297 | 1.05 (0.9–1.23) | 0.370 | 0.930 | |
| College and above | 169 | 1.00 | 171 | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) | 174 | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) | 201 | 1.00 (0.81–1.23) | 0.980 | ||
| Income, USD | <1000 | 286 | 1.00 | 140 | 0.79 (0.64–0.96) | 130 | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) | 123 | 0.94 (0.75–1.16) | 0.770 | |
| 1000–3000 | 432 | 1.00 | 400 | 1.17 (1.02–1.35) | 306 | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 323 | 1.11 (0.95–1.29) | 0.504 | 0.522 | |
| ≥3000 | 248 | 1.00 | 215 | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) | 252 | 0.98 (0.82–1.18) | 237 | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | 0.700 | ||
| Marital status | Married/cohabiting | 145 | 1.00 | 94 | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 103 | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 123 | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 0.601 | 0.695 |
| Single/others | 951 | 1.00 | 740 | 0.85 (0.66–1.11) | 659 | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) | 639 | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 0.456 | ||
| Drinking | Never | 514 | 1.00 | 359 | 0.99 (0.87–1.14) | 314 | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 317 | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) | 0.400 | |
| Current | 488 | 1.00 | 413 | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 384 | 1.09 (0.95–1.25) | 356 | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) | 0.220 | 0.522 | |
| Past | 94 | 1.00 | 62 | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) | 064 | 0.83 (0.60–1.15) | 89 | 1.08 (0.79–1.47) | 0.230 | ||
| Smoking | Never | 589 | 1.00 | 411 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 379 | 0.91 (0.80–1.04) | 393 | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) | 0.870 | |
| Current | 257 | 1.00 | 215 | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 204 | 1.15 (0.95–1.39) | 181 | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | 0.451 | 0.930 | |
| Past | 250 | 1.00 | 208 | 1.05 (0.87–1.26) | 179 | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 188 | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) | 0.560 | ||
| Regular exercise | No | 747 | 1.00 | 570 | 0.98 (0.88–1.1) | 498 | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) | 500 | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | 0.672 | |
| Yes | 349 | 1.00 | 264 | 0.98 (0.83–1.15) | 264 | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 262 | 1.02 (0.87–1.21) | 0.701 | 0.930 | |
| BMI category | Underweight | 28 | 1.00 | 32 | 1.18 (0.69–2.01) | 16 | 0.88 (0.46–1.67) | 27 | 1.30 (0.73–2.29) | 0.483 | |
| Normal weight | 376 | 1.00 | 280 | 0.98 (0.84–1.15) | 286 | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | 274 | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 0.656 | ||
| Overweight | 315 | 1.00 | 216 | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | 204 | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 203 | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | 0.932 | 0.930 | |
| Obese | 377 | 1.00 | 306 | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) | 256 | 0.94 (0.80–1.11) | 258 | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | 0.733 | ||
| Disease score | 0 | 818 | 1.00 | 649 | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 570 | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 588 | 1.06 (0.95–1.19) | 0.330 | 0.930 |
| ≥1 | 278 | 1.00 | 185 | 0.90 (0.74–1.08) | 192 | 1.01 (0.83–1.22) | 174 | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) | 0.699 | ||
1 Adjusted for age, total energy intake, education level, monthly income, marital status, smoking, drinking, regular physical exercise, BMI, comorbidity score, menopausal status, and use of oral contraceptives.
*FDR adjusted