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. 2023 Apr 20;14:1181716. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181716

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Experimental design of heterologous challenge study and viral load in nasal swabs, BAL, and lung. (A) Outbred pigs were intranasally infected with the pH1N1 or immunized with Ad-HA/NP or Ad-HA/NP + Ad-IL-1β or an empty vector as control. At 28 days post-infection or immunization, all pigs were challenged with the H3N2 virus and were culled 4 days later. Following H3N2 infection, nasal swabs (NS) were taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 DPI. (B) Virus load in daily nasal swabs and at day 4 post-infection (C) Virus load in BAL and lung assessed by plaque assay or (D) by RT-PCR. All values represent the mean ± SEM of five pigs per group (n=5). Statistical significances were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test on viral load over time (B) and Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test on (C, D). Asterisks denote significant differences *, p<0.05 pH1N1 vs. control.