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. 2023 Apr 24;17(4):e0011242. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011242

Table 1. The grading system for classifying the severity of envenoming.

Grade
I II III
Coagulation disorder* + + +
Local signs Pain + + +
Swelling Not exceeding elbow or knee Exceeding elbow or knee Beyond the root of the limb
Blister - + +
Necrosis - - +
Local bleeding - + +
Systemic bleeding - - +
Systemic manifestations (Hypotension, Renal failure, Coma, Respiratory failure) - - Organ failure

*Based on results of the 20-min whole blood clotting test and laboratory analysis.