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. 2023 May 4;14:2567. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38150-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Maize root tip with developmental zones and tissue types. b Schematic of DESI-MSI shows the mechanism of ambient desorption and ionization by continuous spray of charged droplets, where one full scan is captured per pixel. The desorption spot is moved in a raster scan across the tissue to produce a pixelated map. Each peak in the full spectrum corresponds to one MS image. c Brightfield image of a maize root section prior to DESI imaging. DESI-MS images show that certain metabolites and lipids are most intense in distinct tissues and developmental zones. MS images are in the negative ionization mode and are overlaid with the brightfield image. The maximum intensity of each ion as a percentage of total ion current is: quinate, 1.40%; malate, 21.8%; unknown 1, 1.13%; hexose, 12.3%; 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA), 2.74%; succinate, 5.07%; hexose-hexose, 1.47%; fatty acid (18:2), 3.83%; and phosphatidylglycerol (16:0/18:2), 2.61%. This experiment was replicated ten times across three biological samples (Supplementary Table 1). Data from one representative tissue section are shown here. MS images of all ten sections are available in Supplementary Figs. 11–17, 23, 25.