TABLE 2.

Change in perceived stress and cortisol week 1 to week 6.

	PSS						Cortisol
Group*	N (males)	Change (SD)	p	t	df	Effect	N (males)	Change (SD)	p	t (W)	df	Effect	Shapiro–Wilk
AMT	16 (1)	−1.94 (6.63)	0.13	1.2	15	0.29	8 (1)	−0.05 (0.25)	0.31	0.54	7	0.19	0.53
RMT	19 (3)	−2.90 (5.48)	0.02	2.3	18	0.53	11 (2)	−0.11 (0.23)	0.06	1.67	10	0.5	0.40
VT	15 (3)	−1.80 (5.81)	0.13	1.2	14	0.31	9 (1)	−0.00 (0.71)	0.33	(27)	8	0.2	0.016**
C	18 (4)	−0.78 (4.67)	0.76	0.71	17	0.17	11 (3)	0.31 (0.49)	0.01	(8)	10	−0.76	0.005**

For the Student’s t-test, effect size (Cohen’s d). For the Wilcoxon test, effect size (matched rank biserial correlation). *AMT, Active music therapy; RMT, receptive music therapy; VT, verbal therapy. **Wilcoxon signed-rank used for Shapiro–Wilk p < 0.005.