TABLE 2.
Logistic regression analysis for determinants of polypharmacy in adults ≥65 years old by sex.
| Men (n = 9,745) | Women (n = 12,096) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (CI 95%) | ORa* (CI 95%) | p-value | OR (CI 95%) | ORa* (CI 95%) | p-value | |
| Total | ||||||
| Age intervals | ||||||
| 65–74 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 75–84 years | 1.81 (1.61–2.03) | 1.19 (1.04–1.35) | 0.01 | 1.72 (1.57–1.88) | ||
| ≥85 years | 1.99 (1.67–2.34) | 1.07 (0.89–1.30) | 0.46 | 1.82 (1.63–2.04) | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Married | 1.15 (0.96–1.40) | 1.35 (1.13–1.61) | ||||
| Widowed | 1.45 (1.17–1.80) | 2.00 (1.69–2.39) | ||||
| Separated or divorced | 0.92 (0.68–1.26) | 1.10 (0.83–1.45) | ||||
| Social class | ||||||
| Social classes I and II | 0.67 (0.57–0.79) | 0.55 (0.48–0.62) | ||||
| Social classes III and IV | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 0.78 (0.72–0.86) | ||||
| Social classes V and VI | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Educational level | ||||||
| Without studies | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Primary | 0.68 (0.60–0.78) | 0.60 (0.54–0.66) | ||||
| Secondary or PT | 0.50 (0.43–0.58) | 0.47 (0.42–0.52) | ||||
| University | 0.49 (0.40–0.60) | 0.30 (0.25–0.37) | ||||
| Nationality | ||||||
| Spanish | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Foreigner | 0.64 (0.38–1.06) | 0.40 (0.26–0.63) | ||||
| Size of town | ||||||
| Rural | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.91 (0.83–1.02) | ||||
| Urban | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Self-perceived state of health | ||||||
| Very good | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Good | 2.35 (1.51–3.65) | 1.27 (0.80–2.009 | 0.31 | 2.69 (1.83–3.96) | 1.44 (0.96–2.15) | 0.08 |
| Average | 10.67 (6.93–16.43) | 2.77 (1.76–4.36) | <0.001 | 13.10 (9.00–19.08) | 3.52 (2.37–5.24) | <0.001 |
| Bad | 23.41 (15.06–36.40) | 4.19 (2.61–6.73) | <0.001 | 31.68 (21.61–46.43) | 6.08 (4.05–9.14) | <0.001 |
| Very bad | 38.54 (23.61–62.92) | 6.26 (3.66–10.71) | <0.001 | 37.39 (24.88–56.19) | 6.56 (4.22–10.18) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | ||||||
| Yes | 1.65 (1.38–1.97) | 1.33 (1.09–1.62) | <0.01 | 1.56 (1.28–1.90) | ||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Alcohol intake in the last year | ||||||
| Yes | 0.66 (0.59–0.73) | 0.57 (0.52–0.62) | 0.82 (0.74–0.91) | <0.001 | ||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Body Mass Index | ||||||
| Underweight | 1.69 (0.88–3.23) | 0.74 (0.35–1.55) | 0.42 | 1.22 (0.86–1.74) | 0.88 (0.59–1.32) | 0.54 |
| Normal weight | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Overweight | 1.21 (1.06–1.39) | 1.30 (1.11–1.51) | <0.01 | 1.48 (1.34–1.63) | 1.24 (1.11–1.39) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 1.70 (1.46–1.98) | 1.43 (1.20–1.70) | <0.001 | 2.49 (2.24–2.77) | 1.65 (1.46–1.86) | <0.001 |
| Degree of limitation due to a health problem for at least 6 months | ||||||
| Severely limited | 9.08 (7.66–10.78) | 2.40 (1.92–3.00) | <0.001 | 8.79 (7.73–9.99) | 2.37 (2.02–2.78) | <0.001 |
| Limited but not severely | 4.82 (4.26–5.45) | 2.04 (1.77–2.35) | <0.001 | 4.79 (4.34–5.29) | 1.91 (1.71–2.14) | <0.001 |
| Not at all limited | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Visits to the family doctor in the preceding 4 weeks | ||||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| 1 | 1.87 (1.67–2.10) | 1.38 (1.21–1.57) | <0.001 | 1.65 (1.51–1.80) | 1.25 (1.13–1.38) | <0.001 |
| ≥2 | 4.43 (3.73–5.26) | 2.27 (1.86–2.76) | <0.001 | 2.98 (2.61–3.42) | 1.58 (1.35–1.84) | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization during the past 12 months | ||||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| 1 | 2.17 (1.88–2.52) | 1.22 (1.03–1.44) | 0.02 | 1.93 (1.70–2.19) | 1.21 (1.04–1.40) | 0.01 |
| ≥2 | 3.26 (2.55–4.14) | 1.28 (1.09–1.70) | 0.03 | 3.44 (2.77–4.27) | 1.67 (1.30–2.14) | <0.001 |
| Number of medical diagnoses of chronic conditions | ||||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| 1–2 | 7.67 (1.87–21.50) | 5.08 (1.23–6.96) | 0.03 | 4.85 (1.17–20.14) | 3.11 (0.74–4.98) | 0.12 |
| ≥3 | 10.46 (8.68–12.78) | 7.69 (5.31–9.30) | <0.001 | 7.30 (3.96–8.91) | 4.23 (/3.13–8.51) | <0.001 |
PT: professional training; OR, odds ratio; *ORa, odds ratio adjusted for all sociodemographic variables, health-related determinants and use of clinical care services whose p-value ≤0.15; CI 95%, 95% Confidence Interval. Hosmer-Lemeshow test for men χ2 = 3.25, p-value = 0.92; Nagelkerke’s R 2 for men = 0.35; p-value <0.001. Hosmer-Lemeshow test for women χ2 = 2.50, p-value = 0.96; Nagelkerke’s R 2 for women = 0.37; p-value <0.001.
Missing data in women: Marital status: 28 (0.2%); Social class: 1,403 (8.8%); Nationality: 141 (0.9%); Current smoker: 20 (0.1%); Alcohol intake in the last year: 8 (0.1%); Body Mass Index (BMI): 2,414 (15.2%); Degree of limitation due to a health problem for at least 6 months: 2 (<0.1%); Number of medical diagnoses of chronic conditions: 82 (0.5%); Polypharmacy: 74 (0.5%).
Missing data in men: Marital status: 11 (0.1%); Social class: 97 (0.9%); Nationality: 58 (0.5%); Current smoker: 29 (0.3%); Alcohol intake in the last year: 16 (0.1%); Body Mass Index (BMI): 738 (6.9%); Degree of limitation due to a health problem for at least 6 months: 4 (<0.1%); Number of medical diagnoses of chronic conditions: 45 (0.4%); Polypharmacy: 44 (0.4%).