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. 2023 Apr 21;10:1129548. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1129548

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Copyright © 2023 Kong, Xiao, Chen, Du, Zhang, Wang, Xu, Cheng, Yu and Gan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proliferation of osteoblast response to SPP (A) and SPP-Ca (B). MC3T3-E1 was treated with different concentrations (0.7, 7, and 70 μM) of SPP and SPP-Ca (70 μM) for 72h. Changes in the ALP activity of MC3T3-E1 treated with different concentrations of SPP and SPP-Ca (C). n = 5. Data are presented as means ± SEMs and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 vs. vehicle. ^##Indicated significant differences, p < 0.05.