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. 2023 May 5;23:274. doi: 10.1186/s12877-023-03981-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Typical CSF finding in late neurosyphilis (patient #4). Intrathecal synthesis of IgG was demonstrated by 3 methods: Reiber-Felgenhauer nomograms and isoelectric focussing detect overall intrathecal antibody synthesis and are not specific for syphilis, whereas the Treponema pallidum-specific antibody index (TP-AI) of 8.2 proves intrathecal synthesis of TP-specific IgG antibodies. Abbreviations: AI = antibody index; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; ECLIA = electrochemiluminescence immunoassay; IgG = immunoglobulin G; IgA = immunoglobulin A; IgM = immunoglobulin M; Q_Alb = CSF-to-serum albumin quotient; Q_IgG = CSF-to-serum IgG quotient; Q_IgA = CSF-to-serum IgA quotient; Q_IgM = CSF-to-serum IgM quotient; TP = Treponema pallidum; RPR = Rapid Plasma Reagin test. Diagram drawn using the program „Protein Statistics in CSF analysis with Reibergrams” (Albaum IT-Solutions, Göttingen, Germany, Version 4.17, 2012–2013)