Table 2. The benchmark functions of CEC2022.

Problem No.	Problem name	Dim	Range	F_min
F1	Zakharov Function	10	[–100, 100]	300
F2	Rosenbrock’s Function	10	[–100, 100]	400
F3	Schaffer’s F7	10	[–100, 100]	600
F4	Rastrigin’s Function	10	[–100, 100]	800
F5	Levy Function	10	[–100, 100]	900
F6	Hybrid Function 1	10	[–100, 100]	1800
F7	Hybrid Function 2	10	[–100, 100]	2000
F8	Hybrid Function 3	10	[–100, 100]	2200
F9	Composition Function 1	10	[–100, 100]	2300
F10	Composition Function 2	10	[–100, 100]	2400
F11	Composition Function 3	10	[–100, 100]	2600
F12	Composition Function 4	10	[–100, 100]	2700