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. 2023 May 4;2023(5):CD014874. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014874.pub2

6. Details of outcomes.

Outcome category Outcome Outcome domain Specific outcome: measure(s) (study)
Primary (critical) outcomes Parental psychological or socio‐emotional wellbeing
 		 Trauma‐related symptoms

  • Interpersonal problems: Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (Grote 2012)

  • PTSD symptom severity: PTSD Checklist for DSM‐5 (Grote 2015); National Women's Study PTSD Module (Rosenblum 2017); Post‐traumatic Stress Scale (Upshur 2016)

  • PTSD presence (number of individuals with PTSD): Children's PTSD Inventory (Madigan 2015)

  • Dissociation severity: Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (Madigan 2015)
Anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, other validated measures of psychological wellbeing, or a combination of these

  • Depression symptom severity: Beck Depression Inventory (Ammerman 2016; Grote 2012; Madigan 2015); Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Berry 2021); Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Booshehri 2018; Blalock 2013); Hopkins Symptom Checklist (Grote 2015); Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (Silverstein 2011)

  • Anxiety symptom severity: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (Berry 2021); Beck Anxiety Inventory (Grote 2012); Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorder (Grote 2015)

  • Self‐efficacy: General Self‐Efficacy Scale (Booshehri 2018)

  • Postpartum depression symptom severity: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (Grote 2012; Upshur 2016); Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (Rosenblum 2017)

  • Depression remission: number of individuals with Symptom Checklist Depression Scale scores less than 0.5 (Grote 2015)

  • Generalised anxiety disorder: number of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder on the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Health Questionnaire (Grote 2015)

  • Functional impairment: Work and Social Adjustment Scale (Grote 2015)

  • Behavioural problems: externalising subscale of the Youth Self‐Report (Grote 2015)

  • Number of parents with a depressive episode: Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (Silverstein 2011)

  • Mean number of depressive episodes: Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (Silverstein 2011)

  • Stress severity: Perceived Stress Scale (Silverstein 2011)

  • Positive coping: The Brief Copes Questionnaire (Upshur 2016)

  • Negative coping: The Brief Copes Questionnaire (Upshur 2016)
Substance use (commenced, recommenced, increased, decreased)

  • Smoking abstinence: number of parents abstaining from smoking on the Timeline Follow‐back Interview (Blalock 2013)
Parent relationship quality (with partner or significant others)

  • Perceivedsocial support: Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (Ammerman 2016)
Parental self‐harm (attempted or actual) No studies reported data.
Parenting capacity Parent–child relationship (e.g. interaction, warmth, attachment, mutual responsivity)

  • Attachment style (secure attachment, disorganised attachment, avoidant attachment, ambivalent attachment): number of parents assigned to each style on the observer‐rated Strange Situation Paradigm (Cicchetti 2006)

  • Parent sensitivity: Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale (Pasalich 2019)

  • Secure base behaviour: Toddler Attachment Sort‐45 (Pasalich 2019)

  • Dyadic constriction: Coding Interactive Behaviour System (Steele 2019)

  • Dyadic reciprocity: Coding Interactive Behaviour System (Steele 2019)
Parenting skills (e.g. problem‐solving, coping, self‐efficacy, parent sensitivity and responsiveness)

  • Child and parent functioning/coping: Parenting Stress Index–Short Form (Ammerman 2016)

  • Home environment (nurturing and stimulating parenting): Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment Inventory (Ammerman 2016)

  • Leave taking behaviours: direct observations (Haight 2005)

  • Eight domains of maternal affect and interaction (maternal supportive presence, maternal hostility, generational boundary dissolution, detachment/disengagement, positive regard, intrusiveness, engagement/interpersonal involvement, andinventiveness): coding behaviours based on direct observations (Haight 2005)

  • Parental confidence: Parental Sense of Competence Scale (Liu 2021)

  • Parental self‐efficacy(teaching, nurturance, discipline, andinstrumental care): Self‐Efficacy for Parenting Tasks Index‐Toddler Scale (Liu 2021)

  • Parental stress Parenting Stress Index–Short Form (Rosenblum 2017)

  • Care‐giving helplessness: Care‐giving Helplessness Questionnaire (Rosenblum 2017)

  • Child care‐giving behaviour: Care‐giving Helplessness Questionnaire (Rosenblum 2017)

  • Maternal supportive presence: Coding Interactive Behaviour System (Steele 2019)

  • Maternal hostility: Coding Interactive Behaviour System (Steele 2019)
Secondary (important) outcomes Parental intervention acceptability Parent satisfaction with intervention (e.g. emotional safety, cultural safety, appreciation) No studies reported data.
Medication compliance (if applicable) No studies reported data.
Parent engagement (including dropouts; programme completion)
Socio‐ecological outcomes Social functioning (increased social functioning or social networks, or both)

  • Social networks: Social Network Index (Ammerman 2016)

  • Social functioning: Social Adjustment Scale (Silverstein 2011)

  • Perceived social support: Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale (Upshur 2016)
Changes in social capital (e.g. increased access to employment, education, support/health services) or resources (food, housing, clothing)

  • Economic hardship: United States Household Food Security Survey Module, an energy security survey and housing security survey (Booshehri 2018)

  • Current employment status: self‐reported survey item (Booshehri 2018)

  • Perceived connection to community professionals: non‐validated, 6‐item self‐report retrospective questionnaire (Rosenblum 2017)
Child adverse events recorded during the intervention Child maltreatment occurrence (including exposure to family violence) No studies reported data.
Family disruptions and child removals No studies reported data.
Other adverse childhood experiences No studies reported data.
Child's physical or socio‐emotional wellbeing Child physical outcomes (e.g. preterm birth, low birth weight, small‐for‐gestational age, neonatal intensive care admission, immunisations, hospitalisations) No studies reported data.
 
Child developmental outcomes (e.g. cognition, speech, language, motor skills)

  • Childdevelopmental risks: Parent’s Evaluation of Developmental Status Scale (Booshehri 2018)
Child emotional and behavioural outcomes (e.g. internalising and externalising behaviour)
Other outcomes Service provider knowledge, attitudes and practices No studies reported data.
Cost or cost‐effectiveness

  • QALYs: a probabilistic, patient‐level Markov model/Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (Ammerman 2016)

  • Depression free days: number of depression‐free days over 18 months (Grote 2015); Markov model/Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (Ammerman 2016)

  • Intervention costs: study staff salary and fringe benefit rates plus a 30% overhead rate (Grote 2015); Markov model/Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (Ammerman 2016)

DSM‐5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ‐ 5th Edition; PTSD: post‐traumatic stress disorder; QALYs: quality adjusted life years