Haight 2005.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: individual RCT (parallel groups) Study aim/hypothesis: this study examined an intervention designed to enhance mother child interaction during visits focusing on leave‐taking Study setting: a medium‐sized, mid‐western city in the USA. Data collection dates not reported Trial registration number: registration details not found
Participants	Inclusion criteria: mothers of all children between 2 and 6 years old who had been in foster care from 1 to 12 months Exclusion criteria: mothers with children who were not receiving visits, or for whom a permanency plan was not to return home N referred and randomised: number referred not specified, 20 randomised Emotional support/coaching: 10 Wait‐list: 10 N lost to follow‐up (post‐intervention): not reported N analysed Emotional support/coaching: 10 Wait‐list: 10 Childhood maltreatment and/or complex trauma status: unclear, likely self‐report during initial interview but not explicitly stated Childhood maltreatment and/or trauma assessment: not reported Parenting stage: > 7 weeks postpartum (up to 5 years) Recruitment setting: mothers identified through Department of Children and Family Services records Baseline characteristics Mean parent age: 29.1 years Mean child age: 3 years old Parent gender: female participants Parent co‐morbidity: majority of mothers experiencing mental health comorbidity (n = 13 substance use, n = 2 clinical depression, n = 2 anxiety disorder, n = 1 bipolar disorder, n = 1 PTSD/anxiety disorder) Progress+ coding: majority education less than high school
Interventions	Intervention ‐ emotional support/coaching Category: parenting, parent‐child or relationship focused interventions (parent‐child interventions) Description: the intervention focused on emotion support and coaching and occurred immediately prior to the foster parent visit Mode of delivery: face‐to‐face, individually Dose: less than 1 hour Length: single session Frequency: only once Protocol: not reported Provider: single practitioner (community mental health psychiatrist, PhD candidate) Training: not reported Implementation fidelity: not reported Treatment adherence: not reported Comparator ‐ wait‐list Category: inactive comparator (wait‐list)
Outcomes	Assessment time point(s) Post‐intervention (child, on average, 3 years old; < 3 months post‐intervention) Primary outcome(s) Parenting skills Leaving taking behaviours Domain: parenting capacity Measure: direct observation of actual behaviours displayed by mothers and children during the leave‐taking sequence. Codes were constructed from the supportive strategies that were described to mothers during the intervention and that the mothers were observed employing Score range: 1 to 6 Direction of effect: higher scores = better/less harm Supportive presence Domain: parenting capacity Measure: direct observation of the extent to which the mother expresses positive regard, emotional support, reassurance and confidence in the child Score range: 1 to 7 Direction of effect: higher scores = better/less harm Hostility Domain: parenting capacity Measure: direct observation of the mothers' expression of anger, discounting or rejection of the child Score range: 1 to 7 Direction of effect: higher scores = worse/more harm Generational boundary dissolution Domain: parenting capacity Measure: direct observation of the extent to which the mother treats the child as her contemporary rather than taking charge and setting the necessary limits Score range: 1 to 7 Direction of effect: higher scores = worse/more harm Detachment/disengagement Domain: parenting capacity Measure: direct observation of the extent to which the parent appears emotionally uninvolved or disengaged and unaware of the child's needs for appropriate interaction Score range: 1 to 7 Direction of effect: higher scores = worse/more harm Positive regard Domain: parenting capacity Measure: direct observation of the extent to which the parent expresses positive feelings towards the child, for example, through tone of voice, physical affection, praise and listening attentively Score range: 1 to 7 Direction of effect: higher scores = better/less harm Intrusiveness Domain: parenting capacity Measure: direct observation of the extent to which the parent lacks respect for the child as an individual and fails to understand and recognise the child's efforts to gain autonomy and self‐awareness Score range: 1 to 7 Direction of effect: higher scores = worse/more harm Engagement/interpersonal involvement Domain: parenting capacity Measure: direct observation of the interpersonal involvement of the mother with her child, and the persistence of her partner‐directed behaviours Score range: 1 to 7 Direction of effect: higher scores = better/less harm Inventiveness Domain: parenting capacity Measure: direct observation of the range of stimulation the mother is able to provide for her child in order to maintain the child's involvement in the situation Score range: 1 to 7 Direction of effect: higher scores = better/less harm Secondary outcome(s): Parent engagement Dropout Domain: parental intervention acceptability Measure: dropout for any reason between randomisation and post‐intervention Score range: not applicable Direction of effect: higher events = more dropout Adverse outcome(s): none specified
Notes	Comment(s): no unpublished data requested or reported in meta‐analyses Funding source: Children and Family Research Centre Conflicts of interest: the authors did not report if there were any conflicts of interest