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. 2023 Mar 29;30(20):58569–58587. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-26517-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Effect of phenolic-rich Moringa oleifera leaf extract on interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (A), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) (B), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) (C), and interleukin-10β (IL-10β) (D) of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to abamectin (5% EC, Profery) for 28 days. Data are presented as mean ± SE. The bars with different letters are significantly different according to Duncan test (P ≤ 0.05). CONT, control group, where fish were fed with control reference diet without any exposure; ABM, fish fed with control reference diet and exposed to 0.5 ug/l of abamectin (ABM 5% EC, Profery); MOE, fish fed with phenolic-rich Moringa oleifera leaf extract-supplemented diet without any exposure; ABM + MOE, fish fed with phenolic-rich Moringa oleifera leaf extract-supplemented diet and exposed to 0.5 ug/l of abamectin (ABM 5% EC, Profery)