Table 4.
Effect of phenolic-rich Moringa oleifera leaf extract on survival and clinical symptoms of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to abamectin (5% EC) for 28 days
| Clinical signs | Experimental groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CONT | ABM | MOE | ABM + MOE | ||
| No. of fish that survived | *No = 30 | 30 (100%) | 21 (70%) | 30 (100%) | 28 (93.33%) |
| Rapid and surface swimming | No | 0/30 (0%) | 9/21 (42.85%) | 0/30 (0%) | 2/28 (7.14%) |
| Score | − | + + | − | + | |
| Low of appetite and food intake | No | 0/30 (0%) | 15/21 (71.42%) | 0/30 (0%) | 2/28 (71.42%) |
| Score | − | + + + | - | + | |
| Loss of reflexes (knocking on one side of the aquaria and escape when try to catch fish) | No | 0/30 (0%) | 10/21 (47.61%) | 0/30 (0%) | 3/28 (10.71%) |
| Score | − | + + | − | + | |
| Respiratory manifestation (rapid operculum movement and opening mouth to gasp air) | No | 0/30 (0%) | 10/21 (47.61%) | 0/30 (0%) | 1/28 (3.57%) |
| Score | − | + + | − | + | |
* No = number of fish/experimental group
The symptoms were observed, and their score were established as follow: ( −) no, ( +) weak, (+ +) moderate, and (+ + +) severe
CONT, control group where fish were fed with control reference diet without any exposure; ABM, fish fed with control reference diet and exposed to 0.5 ug/l of abamectin (ABM 5% EC, Profery); MOE, fish fed with phenolic-rich Moringa oleifera leaf extract-supplemented diet without any exposure; ABM + MOE, fish fed with phenolic-rich Moringa oleifera leaf extract-supplemented diet and exposed to 0.5 ug/l of abamectin (ABM 5% EC, Profery)