Table 5.

Effect of phenolic-rich Moringa oleifera leaf extract on liver functions of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to abamectin (5% EC) for 28 days

Parameters	CONT	ABM	MOE	ABM + MOE	%Change	AI
ALT (U/l)	10.59 ± 0.22c	15.69 ± 0.50a	11.74 ± 0.11b	8.73 ± 0.20d	48.12	0.82
AST (U/l)	45.35 ± 1.83b	72.62 ± 1.26a	46.08 ± 0.62b	42.95 ± 0.24c	60.12	0.94
ALT/AST	0.23 ± 0.01b	0.22 ± 0.01bc	0.25 ± 0.01a	0.20 ± 0.004c	− 11.98	0.92
ALP (U/l)	16.53 ± 0.39a	14.55 ± 0.39b	15.59 ± 0.36ab	15.26 ± 0.48ab	––	––
TP (g/dl)	4.08 ± 0.04b	4.72 ± 0.03a	3.94 ± 0.06b	4.59 ± 0.07a	––	––
Alb (g/dl)	1.04 ± 0.01c	1.53 ± 0.02a	1.07 ± 0.01c	1.25 ± 0.01b	––	––
Glb (g/dl)	3.04 ± 0.04bc	3.19 ± 0.05ab	2.87 ± 0.07c	3.33 ± 0.06a	––	––
A/G	0.34 ± 0.01c	0.48 ± 0.01a	0.37 ± 0.01b	0.37 ± 0.01b	––	––

Means followed by different letters within each row are significantly different according to Duncan test (P ≤ 0.05). Data are presented as mean ± SE

Abbreviations: ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; TP, total protein; Alb, albumin; Glb, globulin, AI, ameliorative index

CONT = control group where fish were fed with control reference diet without any exposure; ABM, fish fed with control reference diet and exposed to 0.5 ug/l of abamectin (ABM 5% EC, Profery); MOE, fish fed with phenolic-rich Moringa oleifera leaf extract-supplemented diet without any exposure; ABM + MOE, fish fed with phenolic-rich Moringa oleifera leaf extract-supplemented diet and exposed to 0.5 ug/l of abamectin (ABM 5% EC, Profery)