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. 2023 Mar 30;30(20):58731–58754. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-26652-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — δ¹³C values of potential atmospheric carbon pollutants and pollution sources reported in the literature (Górka et al. 2020; López-Veneroni 2009; Widory 2007, 2006) to undertake lichen δ¹³C value source apportionment; displayed with δ-values of lichens (X. parietina and Physcia spp.) sampled across Manchester (rural X. parietina are displayed as red solid line on bar for comparison)