Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants.
| Schizophrenia | Bipolar disorder | Healthy controls | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n | 329 | 203 | 189 | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 30.4 (9.6)* | 33.9 (11.7) | 32.6 (8.7) | <0.008 |
| Sex, n (%): | ||||
| Male | 211 (64.1) | 82 (40.4)* | 115 (60.8) | <0.001 |
| Female | 118 (35.9) | 121 (59.6) | 74 (39.2) | |
| Ethnicity, n (%): | ||||
| European | 267 (81.2)* | 181 (89.2)* | 187 (98.9)* | <0.01 |
| Non-European | 62 (18.8) | 22 (10.8) | 2 (1.1) | |
| Diagnosis of schizophrenia, n (%): | ||||
| Schizophrenia | 238 (72.3) | NA | NA | |
| Schizoaffective | 61 (18.5) | |||
| Schizophreniform | 30 (9.1) | |||
| Diagnosis of bipolar disorder, n (%): | ||||
| Bipolar I | NA | 147 (72.4) | NA | |
| Bipolar II | 44 (21.7) | |||
| Bipolar NOS | 12 (5.9) | |||
| Age of onset psychosis (years), mean (SD) | 23.7 (7.9) | 26.8 (9.5) | NA | 0.001 |
| Based on data from n (%) subjects: | 312 (94.8) | 129 (63.5) | ||
| PANSS, mean (SD) | 64.1 (16.9) | 45.1 (9.7) | NA | <0.001 |
| Current antipsychotic users, n (%) | 281 (85.4) | 112 (55.2) | NA | 0.002 |
| Aripiprazole | 46 | 12 | ||
| Clozapine | 10 | 0 | ||
| Olanzapine | 93 | 53 | ||
| Paliperidone | 10 | 0 | ||
| Quetiapine | 61 | 37 | ||
| Risperidone | 35 | 4 | ||
| Othera) | 26 | 6 | ||
| Non-users | 48 | 91 | ||
| Current lithium users, n (%) | 10 (3.0) | 37 (18.2) | NA | <0.001 |
| Tobacco, n (%): | ||||
| Smokers (daily use) | 164 (49.8) | 95 (46.8) | 23 (12.2)* | <0.02 |
| Non-smokers | 160 (48.6) | 106 (52.2) | 50 (26.5) | |
| NA | 5 (1.5) | 2 (1.0) | 116 (61.4) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 26.6 (5.1)* | 25.0 (4.5) | 24.9 (3.9) | ˂0.032 |
| Based on data from n (%) subjects: | 175 (53.2) | 93 (45.8) | 35 (18.5) | |
| CRP (mg/L), mean (SD) | 2.1 (2.1) | 1.9 (1.9) | 1.4 (1.6)* | <0.008 |
Statistical difference between groups was calculated by diagnosis vs HC, except for measurements that were only available/relevant for patients, i.e., age of onset, medication, and PANSS. Statistical models used were Chi square and pairwise t test.
BMI body mass index, n number of subjects, NA not applicable, NOS not otherwise specified, SD standard deviation.
* Indicates which group is significantly different from the other two.
aOther antipsychotics (less than 10 users in both patient groups): Amisulpride, Chlorprothixene, Flupentixol, Perphenazine, Sertindole, Ziprasidone, Zuklopentixol.