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. 2023 May 2;10(1):e001528. doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2022-001528

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Flow chart showing study participants included in each analysis, and exclusions by missing variable. ALSPAC, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; FSIQ, full-scale IQ; FVC, forced vital capacity; PM10, particulate matter less than 10 µm in diameter.