Table 3.
Predictors of PSS obtained from full model LASSO logistic regression analysis
| Predictors | Total cohort % or mean (SD) |
PSS cohort % or mean (SD) |
OR | %* |
| Baseline | ||||
| Age | 57.2 (15.4) | 52.6 (14.4) | 0.82 | 99.5 |
| Female gender | 52.9 | 69.0 | 1.13 | 78.1 |
| Literature based (theory-driven) | ||||
| Painful intercourse (female)† | 1.1 | 3.1 | 1.17 | 60.8 |
| Medications‡ | 2.0 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.6) | 1.12 | 94.7 |
| Number of imaging referrals§ | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.1 (0.1) | 1.10 | 96.1 |
| Fatigue¶ | 20.5 | 31.2 | 1.04 | 47.5 |
| Mood disorder** | 14.6 | 23.6 | 1.03 | 47.7 |
| Number of pain sites†† | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.7) | 1.02 | 63.7 |
| Headache§§ | 19.8 | 32.6 | 1.02 | 44.8 |
| Number of ICPC codes‡‡ | 2.6 (1.5) | 3.3 (1.7) | 1.004 | 13.5 |
| Free text (theory-driven) | ||||
| Complaint description¶¶ | 0.7 (1.0) | 1.3 (1.6) | 1.12 | 99.3 |
| PSS terminology*** | 0.06 (0.15) | 0.11 (0.21) | 1.04 | 83.6 |
| Symptom/disease codes (non-temporal data-driven) | ||||
| Neurological disorder††† | 18.1 | 27.3 | 1.11 | 77.9 |
| Digestive symptoms‡‡‡ | 50.4 | 65.5 | 1.07 | 66.7 |
| Female genital symptoms§§§ | 28.8 | 46.6 | 1.07 | 53.0 |
| Female genital infection¶¶¶ | 8.3 | 15.9 | 1.04 | 48.9 |
| Medication codes (non-temporal data-driven) | ||||
| Capillary stabilisers**** | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.47 | 57.6 |
| Selective CA+ blockers†††† | 10.6 | 6.3 | 0.93 | 58.0 |
| Topical contraceptives‡‡‡‡ | 5.5 | 10.5 | 1.06 | 58.8 |
| Lipid modifier§§§§ | 21.4 | 15.6 | 0.95 | 54.2 |
| Nasal spray, topical¶¶¶¶ | 40.1 | 51.7 | 1.02 | 51.1 |
| Anti-constipation drug***** | 28.4 | 40.1 | 1.02 | 52.1 |
| Eyedrops, topical††††† | 16.2 | 22.3 | 1.01 | 47.3 |
| Anti-thrombotic agents‡‡‡‡‡ | 20.8 | 16.0 | 0.999 | 41.0 |
| Referrals (non-temporal data-driven) | ||||
| Physiotherapy§§§§§ | 30.2 | 39.5 | 1.01 | 43.6 |
| Lab contextualisation (temporal data-driven) | ||||
| Lymphocytes, stable | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) | 1.06 | 84.2 |
| Thyroid, stable | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.8 (1.4) | 1.04 | 70.3 |
| Systolic blood pressure, stable | 1.8 (3.2) | 1.5 (2.8) | 0.999 | 39.0 |
| Sequential patterns (temporal data-driven) | ||||
| Referral to Rontgen | 3.1 | 7.1 | 1.10 | 57.6 |
*Frequency of estimates having non-zero values across 1000 bootstrap samples
†ICPC codes: X04, P08.02.
‡Frequency based on full ATC codes.
§Rontgen or echography.
¶ICPC code: A04.
**ICPC codes: P03, P73, P73.02, P76 and ATC codes: N06A, N05AN, D11A×04.
††Number of pain-related ICPC codes.
‡‡ICPC codes: N01, N02, N89, N90, R09.
§§All unique ICPC codes.
¶¶Fatigue, dizziness, back pain (see online supplemental table S1) for full list).
***For example, somatisation or a-specific symptoms (see online supplemental table S1) for full list).
†††ICPC: N86-99.
‡‡‡ICPC codes: D01-29.
§§§ICPC codes: X01-29.
¶¶¶ICPC codes: X70-74 and X90-92.
****ATC4-codes: C05C.
††††ATC4 codes: C08C.
‡‡‡‡ATC4 codes: G02B.
§§§§ATC4 codes: C10A.
¶¶¶¶ATC4 codes: R01A.
*****ATC4 codes: A06A.
†††††ATC4 codes: S01X.
‡‡‡‡‡ATC4 codes: B01A.
§§§§§Correspondence with physiotherapy.
ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification; ICPC, International Classification of Primary Care; LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; PSS, persistent somatic symptoms.