Table 5.
Comparison of cynicism scores with different demographic characteristics
| Variable | n | Cynicism scores | t/F | P | Effect size | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | ||||||
| Gender | Male | 12,217 | 5.97 | 5.58 | 1.994 | 0.046 | 0.075 |
| Female | 10,766 | 5.75 | 4.99 | ||||
| Place of origin | Urban | 13,721 | 5.75 | 5.37 | -5.652 | 0.068 | 0.001 |
| Non-urban | 9,262 | 6.15 | 5.21 | ||||
| Grade | Freshman | 12,633 | 5.29 | 5.12 | 69.612 | < 0.001 | 0.018 |
| Sophomore | 5,789 | 6.70 | 5.37 | ||||
| Junior year | 2,651 | 6.88 | 5.74 | ||||
| Senior year | 794 | 6.54 | 5.19 | ||||
| Fifth year of college | 30 | 8.23 | 5.26 | ||||
| Master | 933 | 6.09 | 5.16 | ||||
| Doctor | 153 | 5.56 | 5.26 | ||||
| Whether an only child | Only son | 12,077 | 5.76 | 5.43 | -4.454 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Non-only child | 10,906 | 6.07 | 5.16 | ||||
| Whether you hold a position in the university | Student leaders (class/ student/society, etc.) | 7,850 | 5.47 | 5.22 | 44.807 | < 0.001 | 0.004 |
| No job | 13,922 | 6.09 | 5.32 | ||||
| Student leader in the past | 1,211 | 6.58 | 5.58 | ||||
| Residential experience in middle and high school | Yes | 13,469 | 6.08 | 5.27 | 5.896 | 0.115 | 0.002 |
| No | 9,514 | 5.66 | 5.36 | ||||
| The highest level of education received by his or her parents | Primary school and below | 1,434 | 6.65 | 5.22 | 7.853 | < 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Junior high school | 8,012 | 5.97 | 5.12 | ||||
| High school or technical secondary school | 7,048 | 5.84 | 5.32 | ||||
| Junior college | 2,526 | 5.61 | 5.23 | ||||
| Undergraduate | 3,476 | 5.84 | 5.70 | ||||
| Master degree and above | 487 | 5.70 | 5.92 | ||||
| Monthly living expenses(Yuan) | < 1,000 | 1,409 | 6.42 | 5.62 | 6.775 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
| 1,000–1,500 | 9,755 | 5.94 | 5.25 | ||||
| 1,500–2,000 | 8,121 | 5.73 | 5.17 | ||||
| 2,500–3,000 | 2,655 | 5.94 | 5.44 | ||||
| > 3,000 | 1,043 | 6.25 | 6.06 | ||||
| The pressure of study and life in the past two months | 1-Extremely little stressed | 2,177 | 3.61 | 5.73 | 8.301 | < 0.001 | 0.077 |
| 2-Very little stressed | 4,217 | 4.32 | 4.49 | ||||
| 3-Little stressed | 8,363 | 5.89 | 4.86 | ||||
| 4-Much stressed | 6,122 | 6.79 | 5.12 | ||||
| 5-Very much stressed | 1,497 | 8.19 | 5.68 | ||||
| 6-Extremely much stressed | 607 | 10.90 | 7.64 | ||||
| The degree of interest in professional knowledge | Very interested | 5,014 | 3.58 | 5.29 | 69.443 | < 0.001 | 0.108 |
| Have interested | 9,243 | 5.35 | 4.75 | ||||
| Generally | 5,216 | 7.98 | 4.97 | ||||
| Less interest | 3,019 | 7.03 | 5.06 | ||||
| No interest | 491 | 11.16 | 6.86 | ||||
| Weekly exercise time (hours) | 1 | 12,709 | 6.46 | 5.22 | 10.670 | < 0.001 | 0.014 |
| 2 | 6,430 | 5.34 | 5.06 | ||||
| 3 | 2,152 | 4.89 | 5.20 | ||||
| 4 | 1,692 | 5.19 | 6.40 | ||||
| Smoking | Smoking | 979 | 7.19 | 6.16 | 53.852 | < 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Quit smoking | 557 | 7.38 | 6.13 | ||||
| Never smoked | 21,447 | 5.81 | 55.23 | ||||
| Drinking | Drinking | 5,569 | 6.77 | 5.47 | 12.020 | < 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Quit drinking | 986 | 6.72 | 5.59 | ||||
| Never drank | 16,428 | 5.57 | 5.20 | ||||
| Overall satisfaction with study | Very satisfied | 3,569 | 3.47 | 5.76 | 37.909 | < 0.001 | 0.127 |
| Satisfied | 9,077 | 4.68 | 4.54 | ||||
| Generally | 8,823 | 7.49 | 4.89 | ||||
| Dissatisfied | 1,196 | 9.25 | 5.03 | ||||
| Very dissatisfied | 318 | 12.08 | 7.78 | ||||
| Sleep quality in the past two months | Very bad | 431 | 10.44 | 6.86 | 48.478 | < 0.001 | 0.075 |
| Pretty bad | 1,696 | 8.11 | 5.29 | ||||
| Generally | 7,728 | 7.11 | 5.18 | ||||
| Good | 8,924 | 5.12 | 4.73 | ||||
| Very good | 4,204 | 4.01 | 5.44 | ||||