Table 1.

Summary of studies that investigate various β-blockers and show beneficial effects on corneal endothelium

β-blockers	Study	Type of study	Effect
Timolol	Wang et al. (2000) [19]	In vitro	0.025% to 0.00025% timolol induced cAMP concentration increase in cultured porcine CECs
Timolol	Wu et al. (2006) [21]	In vitro	58 μM and 5.8 μM timolol for 200 s increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration in cultured bovine CECs
Timolol	Izzotti et al. (2008) [25]	In vitro	Pre-treatment with 0.5 mg timolol/ml complete medium/well for 20 h demonstrated protective activity of timolol against oxidative stress induced by exposure to iron/ ascorbic acid in cultured HCECs
Betaxolol	Wang et al. (2000) [19]	In vitro	0.05% to 0.0005% betaxolol induced cAMP concentration increase in cultured porcine CECs
Betaxolol	Wu et al. (2006) [21]	In vitro	162 μM, 16.2 μM, and 1.62 μM betaxolol for 200 s increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration in cultured bovine CECs
Carteolol	Wu et al. (2006) [21]	In vitro	680 μM and 68 μM carteolol for 200 s increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration in cultured bovine CECs
Levobunolol	Wang et al. (2000) [19]	In vitro	0.05% to 0.0005% levobunolol induced cAMP concentration increase in cultured porcine CECs
Levobunolol	Wu et al. (2006) [21]	In vitro	171 μM, 17.1 μM, and 1.71 μM levobunolol for 200 s increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration in cultured bovine CECs
Propanolol	Wang et al. (2000) [19]	In vitro	10–5 M propanolol causes intracellular calcium increase in cultured porcine CECs

CECs corneal endothelial cells, HCECs human corneal endothelial cells, Ca²⁺ intracellular calcium, cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate