Table 3.

Summary of studies that investigate various β-blockers and show no effect on corneal endothelium

β-blockers	Study	Type of study	Effect
Timolol	Alanko et al. (1983) [9]	In vivo	Topical timolol for 2 weeks had no significant effect on corneal endothelial cell morphology in young, human, healthy eyes
Timolol	Lass et al. (1998) [36]	In vivo	The mean percent endothelial cell loss and percent change in corneal thickness was similar in timolol, betaxolol, and dorzolamide groups at both 6 and 12 months from baseline
Timolol	Wu et al. (2007) [31]	In vitro	Timolol did not increase LDH release in cultured bovine CECs at any dilution
Timolol	Miura et al. (2008) [52]	In vivo	0.5% timolol + latanoprost showed no significant changes in CD after treatment compared with baseline
Carteolol	Wu et al. (2007) [31]	In vitro	Carteolol did not increase LDH release in cultured bovine CECs at any dilution
Levobunolol	Wu et al. (2007) [31]	In vitro	Levobunolol did not increase LDH release in cultured bovine CECs at any dilution

CECs corneal endothelial cells, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, CD cell density