Table 3:
Themes and subthemes from open-ended questions in a skin cancer prevention intervention
| Code | Frequency Location Language Preference | Description | Example Quote. Study ID, Site, Language |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Theme 1: General Information Number of Participants: Tampa: Spanish-preferring: n=11; English-preferring: n=50 Ponce: Spanish-preferring: n=100 |
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| Awareness | Tampa: English-preferring: N=26 Spanish-preferring: n=5 Ponce: n=90 |
Mention of increased awareness/information related to sun, sun exposure, or cancer. | “Very important information, I was not aware how dangerous it is to exposure yourself to the sun.” – ID 393, Tampa, Spanish “The biggest takeaway from the packet was the list of things I could do to prevent my exposure to the sun. The notes about how people are more likely to get sun exposure just from being in the car was also memorable.” – ID 289, Tampa, English |
| Moles | Tampa: English-preferring: N=31 Spanish-preferring: n=5 Ponce: n=39 |
Mention of moles or mole exams | “To check for any abnormalities in a mole.”- ID 460, Tampa, English “Re-review the mole exam (asymmetry, edges, color, diameter, and changes).” – ID 930, Ponce, Spanish |
| Share information | Tampa: English-preferring: N=5 Spanish-preferring: n=2 Ponce: n=25 |
Mention of sharing study information with public, friends, schools, etc. | “It is instructive and interesting and should be given more publicity.” – ID 377, Tampa, Spanish “It was educational and something I’d like to keep to share with provider in future if necessary.” – ID 342, Tampa, English “You should supply at the schools.”- ID 912, Ponce, Spanish |
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Theme 2: Intervention Comments Number of Participants: Tampa: Spanish-preferring: n=38; English-preferring: n=166 Ponce: Spanish-preferring: n=149 |
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| Follow-up | Tampa: English-preferring: N=2 Spanish-preferring: n=1 Ponce: n=7 |
Mention of wanting additional follow-up during study or longer follow-up periods | “More packets would be helpful.” – ID 281, Tampa, English “I expected more direct skin tests on people who had spots and moles.” – ID 516, Ponce, Spanish |
| Different format or information | Tampa: English-preferring: N=18 Spanish-preferring: n=0 Ponce: n=14 |
Mention of preferring different study materials or layouts (more science, more statistics, digital based, etc.) | “Is there a digital version?”- ID 340, Tampa, English “Percentages of each race that acquire this type of cancer based on geographical location would be nice.” – ID 292, Tampa, English “Make more explicit and easy to understand.” – ID 944, Ponce, Spanish “That the information should be more understandable for those of us who are not experts in the medical research field.” - ID 680, Ponce, Spanish |
| Liked format or information | Tampa: English-preferring: N=74 Spanish-preferring: n=36 Ponce: n=81 |
Mention of preferring the current layout (handouts, readability, information, color, etc.) | “Very good and clear information.” – ID 489, Tampa, Spanish “This is very good information that I obtained about this disease that I did not know anything about.” – ID 486, Tampa, Spanish “The explanation in the informational materials is detailed and explained in a simple way that is easy to understand.” – ID 930, Ponce, Spanish |
| Did not receive | Tampa: English-preferring: N=1 Spanish-preferring: n=0 Ponce: n=10 |
Participant did not receive intervention materials | “I did not get the health education packet referenced above.” – ID 254, Tampa, English “I didn’t receive them.” – ID 713, Ponce, Spanish |
| Do not remember | Tampa: English-preferring: N=15 Spanish-preferring: n=3 Ponce: n=17 |
Participant did not remember intervention materials | “Don’t remember.” – ID 383, Tampa, Spanish “I don’t remember.” – ID 909, Ponce, Spanish |
| Nothing | Tampa: English-preferring: N=139 Spanish-preferring: n=16 Ponce: n=81 |
Did not recall anything learned | “No” – ID 468, Tampa, English “No” – ID 889, Ponce, Spanish |
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Theme 3: Cancer Prevention Number of Participants: Tampa: Spanish-preferring: n=28; English-preferring: n=70 Ponce: Spanish-preferring: n=94 |
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| General prevention and protection | Tampa: English-preferring: N=68 Spanish-preferring: n=38 Ponce: n=87 |
Mention of any general cancer prevention or cancer protections methods | “Always protect yourself from the sun is important.” – ID 337, Tampa, English “Skin cancer prevention and the prevalence in individuals of my same ethnicity and place of residence.” – ID 934, Ponce, Spanish |
| Professional check | Tampa: English-preferring: N=17 Spanish-preferring: n=5 Ponce: n=17 |
Mention of scheduling or obtaining a dermatology or professional check | “It is critical to be examined by a physician regularly for signs of new or developing skin cancers.” - 468, Tampa, English “They are important, but I am crazy that a skin specialist sees me, a good doctor that will send me to do some studies or a biopsy, if needed since I have lupus and many things I’ve heard and think a lot. I try really hard not to be in the sun too much, too little.” – ID 755, Ponce, Spanish |
| Self-check | Tampa: English-preferring: N=16 Spanish-preferring: n=4 Ponce: n=19 |
Mention of conducting skin self-checks | “I remember everything, it’s important to protect ourselves from the sun in hours when the rays are strongest, and it is also essential to examine yourself when moles or spots appear.” – ID 457, Tampa, Spanish “The diagrams about what suspicious moles look like and how to do self-examination.” – ID 347, Tampa, English “Avoid sun exposure, check the body for spots, moles, itching.” – ID 848, Ponce, Spanish |
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Theme 4: Risk Factors and Genetics Number of Participants: Tampa: Spanish-preferring: n=3; English-preferring: n=62 Ponce: Spanish-preferring: n=40 |
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| Higher risk | Tampa: English-preferring N=36 Spanish-preferring: n=1 Ponce: n=16 |
Mention of participant identifying as high risk | “Use sunscreen, take vitamin D because I am at high risk.” – ID 485, Tampa, Spanish “That I thought I was low risk when truly I’m high risk.” – ID 347, Tampa, English “From being exposed to the sun from my construction work, the report tells me that I have a high risk of contracting skin cancer.” – ID 838, Ponce, Spanish |
| Average risk | Tampa: English-preferring: N=23 Spanish-preferring: n=0 Ponce: n=2 |
Mention of participant identifying as average risk | “I was at average risk.” – ID 351, Tampa, English “That I’m at average risk of getting skin cancer.” – ID 249, Tampa, English “I was below average risk for developing skin cancer.” – ID 277, Tampa, English “That the MC1R test is low risk.” – ID 701, Ponce, Spanish |
| General mention of risk | Tampa: English-preferring: N=27 Spanish-preferring: n=3 Ponce: n=19 |
Any general mention of risk that was not high, average, or low | “My risk for skin cancer.” – ID 351, Tampa, English “Risks, protection behaviors.” – ID 318, Tampa, English “That we are all at risk even though the results are negative or low risk.” – ID 863, Ponce, Spanish “The risk range and preventive measures.” – ID 567, Ponce, Spanish |
| Genetic information | Tampa: English-preferring: N=2 Spanish-preferring: n=0 Ponce: n=9 |
Mention of genetic testing/information | “Learning my genetics, but also learning I still can get it, too. No one is exempt.” – ID 267, Tampa, English “The genetic result.” – ID 914, Ponce, Spanish “The information about genes.” – ID 889, Ponce, Spanish |
| Race/ethnicity | Tampa: English-preferring: N=16 Spanish-preferring: n=3 Ponce: n=1 |
Mention of race/ethnicity as a cancer risk factor | “Sun protection for everyone but especially very white people.” – ID 470, Tampa, Spanish “Thank you for caring about us Hispanics.” – ID 496, Tampa, Spanish “High risk due to my ethnicity bias.” – ID 317, Tampa, English “The high rate of skin cancer among Hispanics.” – ID 282, Tampa, English “Skin cancer prevention and the prevalence in individuals of my same ethnicity and place of residence.” – ID 934, Ponce, Spanish |
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Theme 5: Tips and Tricks Number of Participants: Tampa: Spanish-preferring: n=21; English-preferring: n=87 Ponce: Spanish-preferring: n=135 |
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| General tips | Tampa: English-preferring: N=1 Spanish-preferring: n=0 Ponce: n=97 |
Mention of general sun protection tips and tricks | “The real life recommendations.” – ID 281, Tampa, English “Sun protection methods.” – ID 917, Ponce, Spanish “The six ways to protect ourselves in drawings.” – ID 938, Ponce, Spanish |
| Avoid tanning beds | Tampa: English-preferring: N=0 Spanish-preferring: n=1 Ponce: n=3 |
Mention of avoiding tanning beds | “I must put on everyday sunscreen, sunbathe as little as possible, use long sleeves, don’t use tanning beds.” – ID 450, Tampa, Spanish “The importance of using sunscreen and never use tanning booths or tables.” – ID 836, Ponce, Spanish “How harmful tanning salons are.” – ID 707, Ponce, Spanish |
| Clothing/hats | Tampa: English-preferring: N=38 Spanish-preferring: n=11 Ponce: n=54 |
Mention of protective clothing for sun protection | “Clothing to wear when exposed to the sun, sunscreen.” – ID 495, Tampa, Spanish “Wear long pants, hat, sunglasses, long sleeve shirt.” – ID 487, Tampa, Spanish “To wear hat, long pants, sunscreen, long sleeve shirt and try to stay out of the sun between hours of 10 am – 4 pm.” – ID 415, Tampa, English “Sunscreen, hats, basically protecting your skin.” – ID 394, Tampa, English “The type of clothing to wear, sunscreen, doctor’s visits, self-skin examination.” – ID 761, Ponce, Spanish “The use of clothes and sunscreen.” – ID 877, Ponce, Spanish |
| Avoid sun | Tampa: English-preferring: N=36 Spanish-preferring: n=16 Ponce: n=45 |
Mention of avoiding sun | “Take care of yourself, follow the instructions on how to prevent or develop skin cancer from too much exposure to the sun.” – ID 487, Tampa, Spanish “You must avoid damaging sun rays.” – ID 344, Tampa, English “Nor to stay on the hot sun for long periods of time.” – ID 258, Tampa, English “How to prevent sun exposure and the hours of increased likelihood of sun damage.” – ID 943, Ponce, Spanish “Protect yourself from the sun wear appropriate clothing, less hours in the sun.” – ID 818, Ponce, Spanish |
| Limit sun hours | Tampa: English-preferring: N=31 Spanish-preferring: n=5 Ponce: n=23 |
Mention of limiting sun hours specifically between 10 am to 4 pm | “Avoid going out after 10:00 am - 4:00 pm.” – ID 485, Tampa, Spanish “To avoid sun exposure between 10 to 4.” – ID 315, Tampa, English “Utilize SPF 15. Don’t exposure yourself to the sun from 10–4.” – ID 839, Ponce, Spanish “Limit sun exposure between 10:00 am and 4:00 pm.” – ID 781, Ponce, Spanish |
| Lifestyle routine | Tampa: English-preferring: N=10 Spanish-preferring: n=2 Ponce: n=6 |
Mention of incorporating intervention materials into lifestyle routine | “Thank you for the information, here I was tested, if it wasn’t for it I would be all the time outside in my backyard at any time or at the pool or beach.” – ID 485, Tampa, Spanish “Made me look for what to buy. Doing all this made me want to start using more sunscreen rather than tanning oil.” – ID 339, Tampa, English “After reading through, I immediately went out and bought SPF 15 to keep in my car.” – ID 289, Tampa, English “I am taking better care of myself than before in the sun.” – ID 541, Ponce, Spanish “Many of these measures to protect ourselves from the sun are known to us, but we do not apply them. I am happy to apply them and seek more information about melanoma and carcinoma.” – ID 532, Ponce, Spanish “I have the gene and now I take care of myself more.” ID 511, Ponce, Spanish |
| Sunscreen | Tampa: English-preferring: N=66 Spanish-preferring: n=15 Ponce: n=57 |
Mention of using sunscreen for sun protection | “The use of sunscreen.” – ID 419, Tampa, Spanish “Use sunscreen all the time.” – ID 408, Tampa, English “Use sunscreen.” – ID 914, Ponce, Spanish |